psych finall 1001 terms a nd defintions

actor-observer bias

Explaining others behavior as due to internal traits while attributing our own behavior to situational factors

ageism

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on age

aggression

Behavior intended to harm another person

altruism

Desire to help others even when there is no personal gain

Asch effect

Influence of group majority on an individual's judgment even when incorrect

attitude

Evaluation or feeling toward a person idea or object

attribution

Explanation for the cause of behavior

bullying

Repeated negative treatment of a person over time

bystander effect

People are less likely to help when others are present

central route persuasion

Using logic evidence and facts to persuade

cognitive dissonance

Discomfort from holding conflicting beliefs or behaviors

collectivist culture

Culture emphasizing group relationships and interdependence

companionate love

Love based on intimacy and commitment without passion

confederate

Person working with researcher pretending to be participant

confirmation bias

Tendency to seek information that supports existing beliefs

conformity

Changing behavior to match a group

consummate love

Love with intimacy passion and commitment

cyberbullying

Harmful behavior conducted online repeatedly

diffusion of responsibility

Reduced sense of responsibility in a group

discrimination

Unfair behavior toward a group

dispositionism

Behavior is determined by internal traits

empathy

Understanding and sharing others feelings

foot-in-the-door technique

Small request followed by larger request

fundamental attribution error

Overestimating internal causes and underestimating situational causes

group polarization

Strengthening of group opinions after discussion

groupthink

Poor decisions due to desire for harmony

homophily

Preference for relationships with similar others

homophobia

Prejudice based on sexual orientation

hostile aggression

Aggression driven by anger

in-group

Group you identify with

in-group bias

Favoring your own group

individualistic culture

Culture emphasizing independence and personal goals

informational social influence

Conforming because others are seen as correct

instrumental aggression

Aggression to achieve a goal

internal factor

Personal traits influencing behavior

just-world hypothesis

Belief that people get what they deserve

justification of effort

Valuing something more after working hard for it

normative social influence

Conforming to be accepted

obedience

Following authority orders

out-group

Group you do not belong to

peripheral route persuasion

Persuasion using emotion or superficial cues

persuasion

Changing attitudes through communication

prejudice

Negative attitudes toward a group

prosocial behaviour

Helping others voluntarily

racism

Prejudice based on race

reciprocity

Mutual exchange in relationships

romantic love

Love with intimacy and passion but no commitment

scapegoating

Blaming an out-group for problems

script

Expected sequence of behavior in a situation

self-disclosure

Sharing personal information

self-fulfilling prophecy

Expectations influence behavior to confirm beliefs

self-serving bias

Attributing success to self and failure to situation

sexism

Prejudice based on gender

situationism

Behavior influenced by environment

social exchange theory

Relationships based on cost-benefit analysis

social facilitation

Improved performance in presence of others

social loafing

Reduced effort in group work

social norm

Expected behavior in a group

social psychology

Study of how people influence each other

social role

Expected behavior for a position

stereotype

Generalized belief about a group

triangular theory of love

Love based on intimacy passion and commitment

alarm reaction

First stage of stress response fight-or-flight

asthma

Respiratory disorder worsened by stress

biofeedback

Technique to gain control over physiological functions

cardiovascular disorders

Heart and blood circulation diseases

coping

Managing stress

cortisol

Stress hormone released during stress

daily hassles

Minor everyday stressors

distress

Negative stress

eustress

Positive stress

fight-or-flight response

Body's physiological reaction to threat

flow

State of full engagement

general adaptation syndrome

Three-stage stress response model

happiness

State of well-being and contentment

health psychology

Study of psychological effects on health

heart disease

Disorders affecting heart function

hypertension

High blood pressure

HPA axis

System regulating stress response

immune system

Body defense against illness

immunosuppression

Weakened immune response

job burnout

Exhaustion and reduced performance at work

job strain

High stress work conditions

lymphocytes

White blood cells in immune response

negative affectivity

Tendency toward negative emotions

optimism

Positive outlook

perceived control

Belief in ability to influence outcomes

positive affect

Positive emotional state

positive psychology

Study of well-being

primary appraisal

Evaluating threat level

psychoneuroimmunology

Study of stress and immune system

psychophysiological disorders

Illness worsened by stress

relaxation response technique

Stress reduction through relaxation

secondary appraisal

Evaluating coping ability

social support

Help from others

stage of exhaustion

Final stress stage depletion

stage of resistance

Second stress stage adaptation

stress

Response to perceived threat

stressors

Events causing stress