aviation stage check advanced

What causes torque in an aircraft?

Newton’s third law. The prop spins clockwise so the airplane rolls counterclockwise.

When is torque most noticeable?

During power changes especially adding full power.

What happens on takeoff due to torque?

Left yaw because the plane pivots on the left wheel.

What is P-factor?

The descending prop blade makes more thrust than the ascending blade.

When is P-factor strongest?

High angle of attack slow flight high power.

What does P-factor cause?

Left yaw.

What is spiraling slipstream?

Air from the prop wraps around and hits the tail.

What does slipstream do?

Pushes the tail right and nose left.

When is slipstream strongest?

Low airspeed high power.

What is gyroscopic precession?

Force applied shows up 90 degrees ahead in rotation.

When do you feel it in aircraft?

During pitch changes.

What does nose-down pitch cause?

Left yaw.

What is adverse yaw?

Aircraft yaws opposite direction of roll.

Why does adverse yaw happen?

More drag on the wing with the downward aileron.

How do you fix adverse yaw?

Use rudder.

What is overbanking tendency?

Plane keeps rolling deeper into the turn.

Why does overbanking happen?

Outer wing moves faster and makes more lift.

When does it become noticeable?

Past about 40 degrees of bank.

How do you fix overbanking?

Add opposite aileron.

What happens with torque at the start of a chandelle?

Left rolling tendency.

What happens at 30 degrees bank in a chandelle?

Right adverse yaw.

What increases as airspeed decreases in a chandelle?

P-factor and slipstream.

What rudder is needed in the second half?

More right rudder.

What causes yaw during steep turn entry?

Adverse yaw.

What increases in a nose-high steep turn?

P-factor.

What happens past 40 degrees bank?

Overbanking tendency.

What increases at high pitch in lazy eights?

P-factor and slipstream.

What happens at the 90 degree point?

Nose drops and precession causes yaw.

What happens in a left bank in eights on pylons?

Right adverse yaw.

What happens in a right bank in eights on pylons?

Left adverse yaw.

What bank angle is used in steep turns?

About 50 degrees.

What are altitude standards for steep turns?

Plus or minus 100 feet.

What are airspeed standards for steep turns?

Plus or minus 10 knots.

What bank is used in chandelles?

About 30 degrees.

When do you roll out in a chandelle?

From 90 degrees to 180 degrees.

How do you finish a chandelle?

Just above stall speed.

What is the key concept in eights on pylons?

Pivotal altitude.

What is the max bank in eights on pylons?

40 degrees.

What is a forward CG?

CG toward the front of the aircraft.

Pros of forward CG?

More stable harder to stall.

Cons of forward CG?

Higher stall speed worse performance harder to flare.

What is an aft CG?

CG toward the rear of the aircraft.

Pros of aft CG?

Better performance lower stall speed.

Cons of aft CG?

Less stable easier to stall or spin harder to recover.

What is maneuvering speed Va?

The max speed where full control input will not overstress the aircraft.

Why does Va change with weight?

Heavier weight raises stall speed which raises Va.

Why is Va lower at lighter weights?

Less lift needed so the airplane stalls sooner.

What is the key idea for Va?

Va changes with weight because stall speed changes.

What is induced drag?

Drag caused by producing lift.

When is induced drag highest?

At low airspeed and high angle of attack.

What is parasite drag?

Drag not related to lift.

What are the 3 types of parasite drag?

Form drag skin friction drag interference drag.

What is form drag?

Drag caused by the shape of the aircraft.

What is skin friction drag?

Drag caused by air rubbing against the aircraft surface.

What is interference drag?

Drag where different airflows meet like wing and fuselage.

What is the purpose of steep turns?

To develop coordination and control at high bank angles.

What is the purpose of chandelles?

To perform a maximum performance climbing turn.

What is the purpose of lazy eights?

To develop smooth coordination and energy management.

What is the purpose of eights on pylons?

To control a ground reference using pivotal altitude.

What is the purpose of steep spirals?

To practice emergency descent and energy management.

What is the purpose of stalls?

To recognize and recover from stalls.

What are steep turn completion standards?

Maintain altitude plus or minus 100 feet airspeed plus or minus 10 knots bank plus or minus 5 degrees roll out within plus or minus 10 degrees.

What are chandelle completion standards?

Use about 30 degree bank roll out from 90 to 180 finish just above stall speed.

What are eights on pylons completion standards?

Maintain pylon alignment using pivotal altitude bank at or below 40 degrees.

What are power-off stall completion standards?

Maintain heading plus or minus 10 degrees bank plus or minus 5 degrees then recover properly.

What are power-on stall completion standards?

Use at least 65 percent power keep heading plus or minus 10 degrees bank at or below 20 degrees then recover.

What are accelerated stall completion standards?

Use about 45 degree bank recover at first stall indication.

What are slow flight completion standards?

Maintain altitude plus or minus 50 feet heading plus or minus 10 degrees airspeed plus 5 minus 0 knots bank plus or minus 5 degrees.