Menopause

Menopause

Part of the normal female aging process, typically occurring around age 51.

Menopausal transition

The period leading up to menopause, including early and late stages with changes in menstrual cycles.

Perimenopause

The time leading up to the last menstrual period, characterized by hormonal fluctuations.

Postmenopause

The stage after menopause is diagnosed, marked by the absence of menstrual periods for 12 months.

Natural menopause

Defined as 12 months of amenorrhea without a known pathological cause.

Induced menopause

Menopause resulting from surgical removal or medical treatments affecting the ovaries.

Early menopause

Occurs before age 45.

Premature menopause

Occurs before age 40, also known as premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).

Ovarian function

Decreased number and function of follicles, leading to reduced response to FSH and LH.

Anovulatory cycles

Menstrual cycles without ovulation, resulting in irregular periods.

Estrogen

A key hormone with three forms:estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3), each with varying potency.

Estrogen receptor signals

Actions mediated through nuclear estrogen receptors alpha and beta, regulating gene expression.

Hot flashes

A common symptom of menopause, characterized by sudden feelings of heat, often accompanied by sweating.

Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM)

Symptoms related to vaginal and urinary tract changes due to estrogen loss.

Cognitive effects

Estrogens modulate brain function, and their loss may affect memory and concentration.

Hormone therapy

Used to manage menopausal symptoms, particularly for moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms (VMS).

Contraindications to MHT

Include undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding, history of breast cancer, and active liver disease.

Non-hormonal options

Include SSRIs, SNRIs, gabapentinoids, and NK receptor antagonists for managing VMS.

Lifestyle measures

Cooling techniques, maintaining a healthy weight, and smoking cessation can help manage symptoms.

Duration of MHT

Individualized based on symptoms and risk factors, with no strict age limit for continuation.