Health and Society Exam 1

Two-Tiered Healthcare

A system of healthcare that involves two “tiers” of operation, one that provides essential healthcare to the population, and another privately run section that provides specialized treatment for those who can afford it. Seen in countries such as Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Germany.

American Medical Association (AMA)

An organization founded in 1847 in order to have a professional group of physicians

Affordable Care Act

A bill passed by the Obama Administration in 2010 that aimed to expand coverage to American citizens

Public Health Model

An approach to public healthcare in which diseases are trying to be prevented through community-based initiatives

Medical Health Model

An approach to public healthcare which the focus is through doctor-patient interaction, and treating diseases through hospitals and doctors

Bismarck Model

A model of healthcare that involves privately run entities that cover the costs of treatment. Commonly seen in Germany, France, Belgium, and Japan

Beveridge Model

A model of healthcare in which healthcare services are payed for by the government and are financed through taxes. Commonly seen in The United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain

National Health Insurance Model

A model of healthcare that combines both the Bismarck and Beveridge Models, payers are private, but the healthcare is a government run program. Commonly seen in Canada

Out-Of-Pocket Model

A model of healthcare in which there is not healthcare, and citizens must pay out of pocket for treatment, seen in most third-world and poor countries

Medicare

A program signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 that gave coverage to those over 65 years old and certain disabled individuals

Medicaid

A program signed into law by Lyndon B Johnson in 1965 that expanded medical care to poorer individuals of any age

Primary Prevention

A method of public protection that focuses on preventing the disease/condition from ever developing by using methods such as exercise, eating healthy, etc

Secondary Prevention

A method of public protection that focuses on early disease detection and stopping disease progress using methods such as test screens that focus more on catching disease rather than preventing them, such as breast cancer screenings

Tertiary Prevention

A method of public protection that focuses reducing the impact of a disease after it happens such as rehab after a cancer treatment

Global Budgeting

Financial model that allocates a fixed amount of money to cover healthcare services, common in Beveridge systems, can be a limit for doctors to be paid for all of their services

Multi-Payer System

A payment system of healthcare in which there are multiple types of insurance and healthcare plans to choose from, common in Bismarck Models

Single-Payer System

A payment system of healthcare in which there is only one insurance/health care plan to choose from, seen in Beveridge and National Health Insurance Models

Fee for Service Model

A payment system of healthcare in which healthcare providers are paid separately for each service, common in the United States

Socialized Medicine

A payment system of healthcare in which medicine and hospital care is funded through public funding and taxes, common in the United Kingdom

Universal Healthcare

A system of healthcare in which every citizen of said country is guaranteed healthcare coverage, common in Canada, Germany, France, Japan

Premium

The amount of money paid per month that allows you to have health insurance, varies based on family size and plan benefits

Copay

A fee for each time you access a healthcare system

Deductible (High/Low)

The fee that you have to pay before your insurance plan will cover any medical care

Environmental Justice

Everybody is given the same environment and environmental standards

Environmental Injustice

Minority groups either intentionally or unintentionally being subjected to environmental risks compared to the majority

Corrective Justice

Fairness in punishment being distributed for breaking the law as well as reparations for victims

Corrective Injustice

Either there is no fairness of punishment being distributed or proper reparations are not given to victims, or both

Procedural Justice

Decision-making process being equally distributed

Procedural Injustice

Decision-making processes are not equally distributed and often favor one group over others

Distributive Justice

All people having a right to equal treatment, and same distribution of goods/services

Distributive Injustice

Minority groups have unequal access to goods/services compared to majority, and are not given equal treatment

Social Justice

All people having enough resources and rights to live as human beings, privileged are held accountable

Social Injustice

Minority groups not having enough resources and rights to live as human beings, and privileged are not held accountable

Sociology of Health

Ways that society can influence health, through things such as food choices, walkable cities, etc

Sociology of Healthcare

How a country’s healthcare system influences societal or individual health

Public Health

An organized effort to prevent disease, prolong life, and promote physical health in a population

Public Health Emergency

An occurrence or imminent threat of an illness or health condition, caused by bio terrorism, epidemic or pandemic disease, or a novel and highly fatal infectious agent or biological toxin, that poses a substantial risk of a significant number of human facilities or incidents or permanent or long-term disability (World Health Organization)

Social Determinants of Health

Social or economic factors that with direct or indirect effects on health, must be nonmedical

Upstream Social Determinant of Health

Social determinants that set in motion casual pathways, leading to various health effects, Macro-level

Downstream Social Determinant

Social determinants that temporarily and spatially effect health outcomes, influenced by Upstream Social Determinants, Micro-level

Infant Mortality

Death of an infant before their first birthday

Life Expectancy

The average period in which a person is expected to live

Health Insurance

Contract in which a company agrees to cover most medical expenses for a person in exchange for a monthly bill, started in 1847 in Massechessetts

Blue Cross/Blue Shield

One of the first major insurance companies to prop up, started in 1929 when hospitals started to offer it as an insurance plan

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

An incident that occurred in 1932 in which black men were experimented on to help find a cause for syphilis, participants were lied to about the true nature of the experiment and then left to die after the experiment’s conclusion

Implicit Bias

Type of bias in which a person does not recognize that they are being biased

Explicit Bias

Type of bias in which the showing of bias is fully intentional

Discrimination

Unjust treatment of a group of people based on race, sex, religion, etc

Prejudice

An opinion of a person or group of people that is not based in reality

Scientific Racism

The use of empirical evidence to justify treatment of certain groups of people

Racialization

Ascribing race and ethnicity to medicine, diseases, and treatments

Informed Consent

The right to receive information and ask questions related to treatment to make informed decisions

Cumulative Advantage

People who start with better access to resources, stronger social support, or maintain healthier lifestyles will be more likely to retain health as they age

Cumulative Disadvantage

People who start with worse access to resources, weaker social support, and cannot maintain healthier lifestyles will be less likely to retain health as they age

Underinsured

The ability to have health insurance, but costs of healthcare are extremely high, affects one-third of Americans

National Institute Care of Excellence

An institute that decides what is covered under the National Healthcare Service in the United Kingdom

Quality-Adjusted Life Care

Measure that combines both the quantity and quality of life due to a medical procedure, the statistics that NICE uses to determine which healthcare is covered

Healthcare Delivery

The organized system in which healthcare services are delivered to the public, public/private, Canada = Private, UK = Public

Examples of Upstream Social Determinants of Health

Economic Policies, Social Norms, Education Systems, Environment

Examples of Downstream Social Determinants of Health

Lifestyle Choices, Socioeconomic Status, Access to Medical Care, Direct Exposure to Hazards