Biology SAAT Review Practice Flashcards

This flashcard set covers the essential biology topics from the Tamer SAAT lecture notes, including classification, microbiology, human anatomy, genetics, and bioenergetics.

What is bionic arm technology an example of in the study of biology?

Developing Technologies

In what field is a researcher working if they study the genetic engineering of plants to resist insects?

Improve Agriculture

How is a scientific law defined?

A fact of nature that always happens under the same conditions

Which statement best describes a scientific theory?

It explains why or how something happens

What is the correct order of the levels of organization in an organism from smallest to largest?

Cells \rightarrow Tissues \rightarrow Organs \rightarrow Systems

What is the term for an organism’s reaction to a stimulus?

Response

What is an example of an internal stimulus found in the lecture notes?

Feeling hungry

What is the process of keeping an organism's internal conditions stable called?

Homeostasis

How does a dog maintain homeostasis when it gets too hot?

Panting

When conducting field research, what is the first step when a strange plant is found?

Observation

In an experiment studying salt concentration's effect on seed growth, what is the dependent variable?

Seed germination (growth)

In an experiment where one plant is watered once a week and another three times a week, what variable is the water?

Independent variable

Which scientist is credited with the classification and naming of living organisms?

Carl Linnaeus

What is the branch of biology dedicated to the classification of organisms?

Taxonomy

In binomial nomenclature, what does the first term of the scientific name indicate?

Genus

According to the transcript, what is the correct scientific name for humans?

$$Homo\,sapiens$$

What is the correct biological scientific name for a cat?

$$Felis\,catus$$

Which is the broadest category in the biological classification system?

Domain

Which taxon consists of one or more phyla?

Kingdom

In the classification of plants and bacteria, what term is used instead of ‘phylum’?

Division

What does the Genus level of classification consist of?

Closely related species

What is the correct order of the eight classification taxa from largest to smallest?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Mating occurs between organisms belonging to the same __________?

Species

Which classification category represents the highest level of diversity?

Domain

What is a pathogen composed of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat called?

Virus

What are the two components found in all types of viruses?

Genetic material and Capsid

Which virus is specifically mentioned as affecting the nervous system?

Polio

Which viral disease specifically affects the liver and can lead to damage?

Hepatitis C

Which viral disease is categorized as affecting the skin?

Smallpox

What defines the genetic material of a retrovirus?

It contains RNA instead of DNA

What is a vaccine composed of?

Weakened or inactive virus

Into which category is the Corona disease classified?

Viral disease

How do prions replicate and spread?

Within the brain

What is the name of the prion-caused disease mentioned in the notes?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

How many domains exist in the modern classification system?

$$3$$

Which domains contain only prokaryotic organisms?

Archaea and Bacteria

What is the primary piece of evidence used to claim an organism is a prokaryote?

The absence of a nuclear membrane (nucleus)

Which type of archaea is typically found in sewage and swamps?

Methanogens

Which structure would you expect to see inside a bacterial cell under a microscope?

Flagella

What is a key difference between the cell walls of bacteria and archaea?

Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, while archaeal cell walls do not

What is the primary use of the Gram stain?

To differentiate bacterial species

Why is the Gram stain ineffective for detecting Archaea?

Archaea do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls

What color do Gram-positive bacteria appear after staining?

Dark purple or violet

What color do Gram-negative bacteria appear after staining?

Pink or red

Which bacterium is a Gram-positive cause of pneumonia and strep throat?

$$Streptococcus$$

Which specific structure must a doctor identify to prescribe the correct antibiotic for a bacterial infection?

Cell wall

Bacteria found in plant root nodules are called __________?

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

What type of relationship exists between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plant roots?

Symbiotic or mutualism

Which bacterium is part of the human normal flora and produces Vitamin K?

$$E.\,coli$$

What type of nutrition is used by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)?

Photosynthesis

What is a potential negative effect of overusing antibiotics?

Bacteria become resistant to the antibiotics

What is the primary method of reproduction for prokaryotes?

Binary fission

Through which structure do bacteria exchange genetic material during conjugation?

Pili

If Salmonella multiplies every $20$ minutes, how many cells result from one cell after $2$ hours?

$64$ ($2^6$)

Which protist is specifically classified as a Sarcodina?

Amoeba

Which structure does an Amoeba use for movement and nutrition?

Pseudopodia

Which organism causes African sleeping sickness?

$$Trypanosoma$$

Which insect transmits the parasite responsible for African sleeping sickness?

Tsetse fly

Which structure in a Paramecium is responsible for maintaining water balance?

Contractile vacuole

How many nuclei are found in a Paramecium cell?

$$2$$

Which organism is responsible for causing malaria in humans?

$$Plasmodium$$

What is the vector for malaria?

Female Anopheles mosquito

What movement method is used by Plasmodium?

Gliding or sliding movement

What is the composition of the cell wall in Diatoms?

Silica

Why do Diatoms have the ability to float on the surface of water?

They store excess food in the form of oils

What is the function of the eye spot (light-sensitive receptor) in Euglenoids?

To help in photosynthesis

Instead of a cell wall, what structure do Euglenoids possess?

Pellicle

What phenomenon is caused by toxic red dinoflagellates growing in large numbers?

Red tide

Which pigment is responsible for the color of Green Algae?

Chlorophyll

What pigment gives Red Algae its characteristic color?

Phycobilins

Which pigment is responsible for the brown color in Brown Algae?

Fucoxanthin

What is the role of the float structure in Brown Seaweed?

Contains air to help the algae obtain light for photosynthesis

Which fungus-like protist is used to kill insects?

Microsporidia

What is the carbohydrate found in the cell walls of fungi?

Chitin

What is the reproductive structure of a mushroom?

Fruiting body

What are the individual building blocks (thread-like filaments) of a mushroom?

Hyphae

What is a mass of branching hyphae found underground called?

Mycelium

Downy mildew on potatoes is an example of which type of relationship?

Parasitism

Fungi that feed on dead organisms and organic waste are called __________?

Saprophytic

To which phylum does bread mold belong?

Zygomycota (Common Mold)

Which fungus is the source of the antibiotic penicillin?

$$Penicillium$$

Who discovered the antibiotic penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

What method of asexual reproduction is used by yeast cells?

Budding

Which type of animal symmetry involves a lack of symmetry?

Asymmetry

What type of symmetry is exhibited by jellyfish?

Radial Symmetry

What advantage does radial symmetry provide an organism?

Ability to move and detect stimuli in any direction

Which layer of the gastrula develops into the skin and nervous system?

Ectoderm

Which layer of the gastrula develops into the digestive system?

Endoderm

Which systems develop from the mesoderm?

Circulatory, excretory, and respiratory systems

How do sponges obtain food?

Filter feeding particles from the water

What characteristic of sponges allows them to survive harsh conditions?

Gemmule (granule) production

What specialized structures do cnidarians use for defense and capturing prey?

Cnidocytes or Nematocysts

Which organism is used in medicine to extract hydroxyapatite for bone regeneration?

Marine Coral

What type of body cavity is found in flatworms?

Acoelomate

What disease is caused by the Schistosoma worm?

Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

Which host acts as the intermediate for the Schistosoma worm before infecting humans?

Snails

How do tapeworms typically infect humans?

Consuming undercooked beef

How are hookworms commonly transmitted to humans?

Walking barefoot on contaminated soil

What disease is caused by filarial worms?

Elephantiasis

How are filarial worms transmitted to humans?

Bites of infected mosquitoes