chem 2 exam 3 - solubility + thermo
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55 Terms
the solubility product constant (Ksp) tells how much…
salt can dissolve
how much salt has dissolved at equilibrium?
as much as possible
smaller Ksp means that the substance is ____ soluble
less
larger Ksp means that the substance is ____ soluble
more
unit for solubility
g/L
unit for molar solubility
mol/L
describe a solution where Q < Ksp
unsaturated
describe a solution where Q = Ksp
saturated
describe a solution where Q > Ksp
supersaturated
what forms when a solution is supersaturated?
precipitate
a ______ solution is reached when no more solute can be dissolved
saturated
can more solute be dissolved in an unsaturated solution?
yes
Ksp is calculated under the assumption that the salt has completely…
dissociated
the ______ ___ effect works similarly to le chatelier’s principle
common ion
shifting reaction to the left/reactants _______ solubility
decreases
shifting reaction to the left/products _______ solubility
increases
what is the only factor that changes Ksp?
temperature
in selective precipitation, the salt with the _____ Ksp value is expected to precipitate first
lower
in general, thermodynamics looks at ____ and its effects on how materials behave
energy
H represents…
enthalpy
positive ΔH indicates an ___thermic reaction with heat as a ______
endo, reactant
negative ΔH indicates an ___thermic reaction with heat as a ______
exo, product
internal energy (E) = __ + __
KE, PE
two ways a system can exchange energy (Q, W)
heat, work
state functions are only dependent on _____ and ___ of reaction
beginning, end
a _______ change occurs on its own without outside interference
spontaneous
a ________ change only occurs when accompanied by spontaneous change
nonspontaneous
how many directions can spontaneity “move” in?
1
exothermic reactions tend to be…
spontaneous
endothermic reactions tend to be…
nonspontaneous
entropy relates to _____ of a system
disorder
positive ΔS has a ______ tendency
spontaneous
negative ΔS has a ________ tendency
nonspontaneous
S represents…
entropy
for gases, entropy _______ with increased volume
increases
higher temperature = ______ entropy
larger
more particles = ______ entropy
larger
order the states of matter from highest to lowest entropy
gas, liquid, solid
H and S are extensive properties. what does this mean?
dependent on amount of material
what are the 3 factors that influence spontaneity?
enthalpy change, entropy change, temperature
what combination of ΔH and ΔS tend to be spontaneous?
negative H, positive S
what combination of ΔH and ΔS tend to be nonspontaneous?
positive H, negative S
negative ΔG indicates a _______ reaction
spontaneous
positive ΔG indicates a _________ reaction
nonspontaneous
how to find what temperature reaction will be spontaneous at?
set delta G to 0
when materials are in their elemental states, their ΔHfo equals…
0
at absolute zero (0 K), entropy equals…
0
the degree symbol in a ΔX indicates ____ conditions
standard
what are standard conditions? (temp and pressure)
298 K, 1 atm
free energy represents the maximum amount of energy available to…
do work
what can efficiency tell you?
how much energy lost in reaction
____% efficiency = thermodynamically reversible
100
negative ΔGrxn is spontaneous from ____ to ____
reactants, products
positive ΔGrxn is spontaneous from _____ to _____
products, reactants
at equilibrium, ΔG = __
0