ANSC 4389 - test 1 STUTTS

reproductive physiology

the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of the reproductive system

andrology

branch of repro phys that deals with the study and treatment of maile animals and humans

gynecology

deals with repro issues in women

Theriogenology

The branch of veterinary medicine concerned with reproduction in animals

obstetrics

branch of repro physiology, vet medicine, and human medicine that specializes in the female before, during, and after pregnancy

Aristotle

-proposed fetus originated from menstrual blood since menstruation did not occur during pregnancy

-thought seminal fluid arose from all parts of the body and the testes were pendular weights that kept the transport ducts from getting kinked or coiled

Fallopius

fallopian tubes

-described oviducts

Coiter (1573)

corpus luteum

Regnier de Graaf

described antral follicles

-rabbits

-# of scars on ovary = amount of young

- wrong idea that the entire follicle was the egg

Van Leeuwenhoek

-observed semen and discovered that moving particles as "animalcules"

-developed simple microscope

Spallanzani

preformed 1st AI in dogs

dumas

discovered follicles containted ova

-concluded that "animalcules" now called spermatozoa were responsible uniting with the ova to produce an embryo

modern

gonads makes steroid hormones

cycle

puberty, copulation, pregnancy, parturition and lactation, repeated, then repro senescence

major structures of female repro tract

ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, external genitalia

female repro tract lies

directly beneath the rectum

what seperates the female tract from the rectum

rectogential pouch

what is the purpose of the retogenital pouch

allows if manual palpation or ultrasonic examiniation

-ovarian staus

-pregnancy

-AI

-identify abnormalities

What tracts are too small or palpation per rectum

ewe, sow, bitch, and qween

palpation of the uterine artery

arterial tone and fremitis

what are the series of interconnnected tubes

tubular components

-oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina

what are the four distinct concentirc layers of the female repro tract

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa

serosa

a single layer of squamous cells that cover the outer surface of the tract

muscularis

double layer of smooth muscle

-outer longitudinal layer and inner circular layer

-provides the ability to contract

the muscularis provides the ability to contact which allows for

transportation of secretory products, gametes, embroys, and explusion of the fetus and membrane

submucosa

layer of varying thickness

-houses

-supports tissue for mucosal layer

mucosa

secretory layer of epithelium

Each part of the tract is lined with what?

different types of epithelium

mucosa has

different functions in different region

oviduct

ciliated and non-ciliated columnar

what does the oviduct provide

fliud and movement of material along the oviduct

Posterior vagina

stratified (multiple) squamous

what does the posterior vagina provide

protection during copulation

the mucosa develops in the

rectroperitoneal position

peritomeum

membrane that lines the abdomial cavity `

the peritomeum completely

surrounds and covers the tract

The tract grows and pushes against

the peritoneum

As the tract grows

it becomes completely surrounded the the peritoneum

Peritoneum eventually fuses to form

a double layerd CT sheet that supports and suspends the tract

what is the suspensorty tissue called

broad ligament

the broad ligament houses

The vascular supply, nerves, and lymphatic drainage of the tract

what are the components of the broad ligament

mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium

mesovarium

cranial portion that supports the ovary

the mesovarium forms the

hilus of the ovary

What is the pupose of the utero-ovarian ligament

-additonal support ligament

-attaches the ovary to the uterus

is the utero-ovarian ligament actually part of the broad ligament

no

mesosalpinx

thin portion of the board ligament that supports the oviduct

what else does the mesosalpinx form

a pouch that surrounds the ovary

-helps orient the infundibulum so ova released have a high chance of getting into the ovary

-helps eggs not leave the ovary

mesometrium

largest part of the broad ligament

-supports the uterine horns and body of the uterus

dorsal portion of the mesometrium is

continuous with the dorsal peritoneum and this the uterus litrelly hangs from the dorsal body walls

RGP

rectum genital pouch

Ovary

structure on the ovary undergo constant change

-dramatic and predictable

-follicles, estrogen production, ovulation, CL, progesterone production, lysis of CL

Sturcture of ovary

ovoid, dense structure

primary fucntion of ovary

produces females gametes and hormones

tunica albuginea

outer surface

- CT

- single layer of cuboidal cells called germinal epithelium

ovarian cortex

directly beneath the tunica albuginea

-houses the oocytes and follicles

the ovarian cortex is the site of formation of the

CH- corpus hemorrhagicum

CL- corpus lutum

CA- corpus albicans

corpus hemorrhagicum

protrusion of tissue and ruptured blood vessels following ovulation

-"bloody body"

corpus luteum

large structure that produces progesterone (P4)

-"yellow body"

corpus albicans

white, scar-like structure, CL in degeneration

-connective tissue replacing secretory tissue

ovarian medulla

Central part of the ovary.

Houses vasculature, nerves and lymphatics.

Dense connective tissue.

Mare

medulla and cortex are reveresed

ovulation occues at one location

folliciles can be palpayed per rectum, but not CL

AF

antral follicle

UOL

uteris ovarian ligament

ovaries can be distingished tactiley in some species using

palpation per rectum

determine fucntional stauts

follicles or CL

ovarian structure can be seen with

ultrasound as well as palpation per rectum

folliculogenesis

The process of follicle development and maturation

various types of follicles represents different

stages of development and maturity

what are the four types of follicles

Primordial, Primary ,Secondary ,Tertiary

Primordial follicles

microscopic, most immature, smallest

oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells

primary follicles

oocytes surrounding by a single layer of cuboidal cells, or folliculair cells

-females are born with a life time supply of primordial and primary follicles

primary follicles do not

divide, mature or degenerate

seconary follicles

microscopic

two or more layers of follicular cells

2 layes of cuboidal cells

secondary follicles are characterized by

being surrounded by a relatively thick translucent layer called zona pellucida

Tertiary or Antral follicle

characterized by fluid filled cavity called antrum

-fluid is called follicular fluid

When the tertiary follicle becomes a dominant preovulatory follicle is is called

Grannfian follicle

what are the three layers of the antra follicles

theca externa, theca interna, granulosal cell layer

Theca externa

loose connective tissue that surrounds and supports the follicle

theca interna

beneath the externa

-responsible for the production of the androgens under the influence of luteinizing hormone LH

granulosa cells

membrana granulosa

-makes a variety of material and have follicle stimulation hormmones

the granulosa cells contain

estogen

inhibin

follicular fliud

granulosa cells are belived to

govern the maturation of the oocytes

ovulation

small blood vessle rupture causing local hemorrhages

loss of fliud from the antrum causes

follicles to collapse into many fold

CH forms what two cells types

theca internal and granulosa cells

CL produces

progesterone anf essentials for maintenance of pregnancy

what are the three parts of the oviduct?

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

infundibulum

terminal end, funnel- shape opening

-forms a pocket around the ovary

-captures the ovulate oocytes

Fimbriae

increases SA

-causes the infundibulum to slip over the entire ovary near ovulation

- maximized chance that oocyte is captured

ampulla

the thick portion of the oviduct

-occupies half for more of the oviduct length

-relatively large in diameter

-many fern-like mucosal folds with ciliated epithelium

Ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ)

site of fertilization

isthmus

smaller in diameter then the ampulla

-connected to the uterus

-utertubal junction (UTJ)

what is the primary fucntion of the muscularis

oocytes and spermatazoa

-requires movement in opposite direction

mucosa secretes substances that provides

the optimun enviromemnt for the oocytes

-sustains sperm fucntion until oocytes provide

-possibly facilitates feterlizing capability of the spermatoazoa

zygotes resides

in the oviduct before entering the uterus

-fluid secreted must provide a suitable environment fro early embryonic development

UTJ is believed to

regulate movement of the embryo into the utreus in the cow

in swine the UTJ

constricts and serves as a barrier to sperm

-prevents the excessive number from reaching the ampulla

PREVENTS POLYSPERMY

uterus

organ of preganacy

-connects oviducr ro cervix

-has two horns (cornua) in most mammals

what are the three types of uteri

duplex, biocornuate, and simplex