Alterations in Fluid and Electrolytes and Acid-Base Balance

These flashcards cover key concepts related to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, focusing on definitions, mechanisms, causes, and physiological processes affecting infants and children.

Fluid balance depends on __________ processes that regulate fluid intake and output.

physiological

Generally, infants lose more fluid through the kidneys, because __________ kidneys are less able to conserve water than adult kidneys.

immature

The two main compartments of extracellular fluid (ECF) are __________ and __________.

intravascular, interstitial

Sodium chloride breaks up into one ion of sodium (Na+) and one ion of __________ (Cl−).

chloride

An acid is a substance that releases __________ ions (H+) in solution.

hydrogen

The relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution is measured by its __________.

pH

Electrolytes in the body include sodium, potassium, __________, chloride, phosphate, and magnesium.

calcium

Fluid volume deficit (FVD) occurs when the body loses both __________ and __________ from the ECF in similar proportions.

water, electrolytes

Fluid volume excess (FVE) is also known as __________.

hypervolemia

Dehydration is classified as isonatremic, hyponatremic, or __________, according to serum sodium concentration.

hypernatremic

In isonatremic dehydration, serum sodium levels remain within the normal range of __________ to __________ mEq/L.

138, 145

Older adults are particularly at risk for dehydration due to decreased __________ sensation.

thirst

__________ causes of dehydration include vomiting and diarrhea.

Gastrointestinal

Environmental temperature can increase the risk of fluid and electrolyte imbalances due to __________ losses.

sweating

The kidneys play a major role in maintaining __________, electrolyte, and acid-base balances.

fluid

Isotonic imbalances occur when water and electrolytes are lost or gained in __________ proportions.

equal

Edema is excess interstitial fluid known as __________.

edema

A major contributing factor to fluid volume excess is excessive intake of __________ chloride.

sodium

In renal disease, the ability to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance is significantly __________.

impaired

Overhydration occurs when water is gained in __________ of electrolytes.

excess

Dehydration can also affect clients in __________, a state of increased rates of breathing.

hyperventilation

Mild dehydration is described as less than __________% loss of body weight.

5

Moderate dehydration is described as __________% to __________% loss of body weight.

5, 10

Severe dehydration is described as greater than __________% of body weight lost.

10

The most common type of dehydration in children is __________ dehydration.

isonatremic

Low serum sodium levels in dehydration indicate __________ dehydration.

hyponatremic

Higher environmental temperatures can increase risks for dehydration during __________ activity.

strenuous

One milliliter of body fluid is approximately equal to __________ g of body weight.

1

Overhydration can lead to __________ edema and impaired neurologic function.

cerebral

Diabetes can lead to dehydration due to increased __________.

urination

The mechanism causing edema includes decreased serum __________ pressure.

osmotic

Electrolyte imbalances can result from abnormal losses through the __________, kidneys, or skin.

gastrointestinal tract

Older children exhibit a lower total body water content and ECF volume than __________ and younger children.

infants

Serum sodium concentrations increase during __________ due to retained electrolytes while losing water.

dehydration

Fluid volume deficit often occurs as a result of abnormal __________ through the gastrointestinal tract.

losses

Excessive sodium in the body contributes to __________ volume excess.

fluid

A common cause of dehydration in infants is severe __________.

gastroenteritis

Thirst may not be a reliable early indicator of the body's need for __________.

water

Nutrient movement across cell membranes is assisted by __________.

electrolytes

Body temperature regulation is essential for preventing heat __________ in hot environments.

exhaustion

Sodium ions play a crucial role in the regulation of __________ balance in the body.

fluid

Older adults may have decreased thirst due to changes in __________ function.

kidney

The primary compartment involved in edema is the __________ space.

interstitial

Increased __________ is a manifestation of dehydration.

thirst

Fluid balance is crucial for processes such as nutrient transport and __________ removal.

waste

Heavy sweating can lead to an increased risk for __________ imbalance.

electrolyte

Treatment of fluid imbalance involves identifying and treating the __________ cause.

underlying

Hydration status can be assessed through changes in heart rate, urine output, and __________ appearance.

general