PERIOD 2 (1754 -1800)

French & Indian War through Declaration of Independence

French colonists/Huron Indians

• one of the alliances formed during the French and Indian War to stop British from expanding their territory

• caused conflicts between English & the French

English colonists/Iroquois Indians

• another alliance formed during the French and Indian War, which allied with the British against the French

George Washington

• a VIP (important leader within the colony)

• colonial gov’t of VA asks him to take a bunch of ppl to Fort Duquesne and tell France to shut down production of creating ports (FAILED)

Fort Duquesne

• in present day Pitt. PA

• French military fort

• purpose was to secure Ohio River Vallley’s territory

Edward Braddock

• VIP (general

• Brit. sends him to Fort Dusuesne to STOP construction and capture the fort(FAILED AGAIN!!)

• a battle occured bc of the Brit+indians and French collide

• Braddock DIES bc of it

William Pitt

• VIP (Brit’s. Prime Minister)

• gave money, variosu resources, and troops to the Brit. colonies to help defeat France

Albany Congress

• congress held in Albany New York & established by Ben. Franklin

• only 7 colonies’ representatives showed up

• discussed a solution → Albany Plan of Union(

Albany Plan of Union

• the solution discussed at the Albany Congress

• discussed that taxing should take place in ever colony in order to buy more weaponry(etc.) and manage NA affairs) - NEVER WENT THROUGH WITH IT THO...

Seven Years War/French & Indian War

• was actually 9 yrs

• conlfict between the French(+ Huron) and British(+iroqoius) over trerritory in the Ohio River Valley

• the Treaty of Paris ended the war

Treaty of Paris 1763

• treaty after the British won the French&Indian war

• stated that France would lose all their territory on the North American Mainland and it automatically goes to the British

Acadians/Cajuns

ppl who were deported from their land during the French&Indian War

Pontiac’s Rebellion (CAUSE)

• ottowa tribe’s chief(Pontiac) attacked the british forts (fort detroit and fort Pitt) due to anger from Brit. ppl taking their land and a lot fo distreatment

• Native forces eventually stalemated/defeated, leading to peace negotiations

• tribe gets infected from smallpox blankets the brit. brought over

Proclamation of 1763 (EFFECT)

• the proclamation line is drawn

• brit. roops are FORBIDDEN to cross west of the Appalachian Mt. to prevent P.Rebellion to occur again

vice admiralty court

• British hold strict control over the Navigation Acts

• only smugglers cases(when u get caught)

• HEAVILY BIASED + guilty UNTIL proven innocent

• When you get to court, YOU have to prove your not guilt of smuggling to ONE judge (not jury etc NADA)

• If proven guilty, judge gets 5% of the profit for your smuggled items

writ of assistance

• Random search warrants

• officials can search anywhere and everywhere if they think you’re smuggling something

Stamp Act (1765)

• made bc ppl were smuggling a bunch of goods

• Made by Prime Minister George Grenville

• British law that placed a direct tax on printed paper in the American colonies

• didnt last that long tho

indirect tax/regulate commerce

• the British government used indirect taxes and commerce regulations to control trade and raise money

• ex: Townshed Act (placed taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea.)

direct tax/raise revenue

• ex: Stamp Act (1765)

• Britain raised these taxes since they still suffered from massive debt bc of the French&Indian War

• colonists HATED this

virtual representation

• Most britons have no representatives in parliament

  • created the Virtual representation: each member represented the entre empire; the interests of everyone where taken to account

• This disagreement over "virtual" vs. "actual" representation led to the rally cry: "No taxation without representation."

• the colonists HATED the stamp act

Patrick Henry

• famous for the line…“Give me Liberty OR Give me Death!”

• apart fo the Sons of Liberty + a founding father

Loyal Nine (1765)

• made in Boston

• a secret resistance group of 9 middle-class dudes that worked together to stop tax acts!!

Sons of Liberty

• based off the Loyal 9

• a secret resistance group that organized many boycotts(not buying certain things that the british had taxes on) and marches on the streets

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

• a meeting in New York

• 9 delegates from 9 colonies came together to work as a team and protest against the British’s taxes

Declaratory Act

• a law passed by the British Parliament that stated Great Britain had total authority to make laws and taxes for the American colonies "in all cases whatsoever"

• passed the same day the Stamp act got removed

John Locke

• wrote "Two Treaties on Gov’t”

• stated that people have NATURAL RIGHTS to life, liberty, and property (or estate).

Samuel Adams

• founding father

• associated with the Sons of Liberty (also hated the idea of the Stamp Act)

Townshend Acts

• indirect tax

• laws passed in 1767 that placed import taxes on everyday goods in the colonies

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

• created by John Dickinson

• a letter for everyone to read (mainly the brit.) syaing that the tax acts are too much and dont give us much freedom

John Dickinson

• created the “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania”

• he’s a (some type of ) lawyer

• wanted to bring awareness to the ppl (“these are basically why the laws are passed; to exploit colonists)

spinning bee/club

all the women would get together with their spinning wheels and make woven clothes (clothes were the backbone of british textiles)

• talked trash about Brit.

• shoiwed resistance

Committees of Correspondence

secret communication networks used by American colonists to share information and organize resistance against British rules before the American Revolution

Daughters of Liberty

• female association and general network of colonial American women who used economic boycotts and domestic labor to protest unfair British taxes during the

• wouldn’t buy cloth, paper, and tea

Intolerable Acts

• four punitive laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party

• colnists will not abide by these laws

1st Continental Congress (Sept. 1774)

• “What can we do to get Britain to repeal to the Intolerable Acts?”

• They want that salutary neglect relationship with Britain again

• congress held in PA (12/13 colonies showed up); everyone was on the same page

Boston Massacre(1770)

• a snowball fight that broke out into an armed fight with the Brit. troops

• 5 british colonists were killed, one of them being Crispus Attucks

Crispus Attucks

a mixed (indian+african+white decent) sailor that was remembered as the “first martyr of the American Revolution.”

Regulators

• uprising in NC against colonial officials

• More complicated explanation:  a group of wealthy residents of South Carolina background that proetsted the underresprestation of western settlements in the colony’s assembly and teh legislator’s failure to establish local gov.

Lord Dunmore’s War

Conflict in western North America against NA

Liberty Affair (1768)

A ship named Liberty that belonged to John Hanncock; got seized by officials for smuggling

Gaspee Affair(1772)

British ships filled with brit. customs and officials; crashes into the coast; colonists see thsi and burn the ship..

Green Mountain Boys

settlers in New Hampshire clashed with NY over land (led to creating Vermont)

Lexington & Concord

• colonial warehouses where weapons reside

• king George send troops to these warehouses where teh weapons are

• Paul Revere warns the colonists that “THE BRITISH ARE HERE!!”

• a fight errupts; ppl attack eachother and some get killed

2nd Continental Congress (May 1775)

• meeting where some colonists establish that they want to break free from Britain; most ppl didn’t want to have independence yet bc they still loved Britain

• So, they sent the Olive Branch Petition

• appoint Washington as the leader of the Continental Army (incase something happens with the Brits.)

Olive Branch Petition

• final attempt to avoid independence and conflict with the British

• Made at the Second Continental Congress

• proposed for peace, fair treatment towards the colonists, and repeal the Coercive acts

Common Sense

• A document that informed the colonists that the monarchy is terrible & we should break free from point Gov’t

• “use your common sense to declare independence from britain”

• changed public view about independence

Thomas Paine

• created “Common Sense” by Thomas Paine

• he’s informing the colonists the monarchy is terrible & we should break free from point Gov’t

Declaration of Independence

• July 4th 1776

• Created by Thomas Jefferson (influenced by authors like John Locke)

• said that because you(Britain) are giving us(the 13 colonies) strict rules(and bc they wish they could go back to salutary neglect) and violating oUR NATURAL RIGHTS, we are breaking free from you