coms305 test

Hegemony

the process by which the beliefs, values, ideologies, and practices of a particular social class come to dominate the wider society (Del Gandio, 2012)

Ideology

system of ideas and ways of thinking that help shape us

Ideology (classical marxism)

An objective reality that results from unequal class relations

Ideology (neomarxism)

Created and maintained in superstructure institutions

Ideological State Apparatus (ISA)

institutions responsible for controlling social disorder and stabilising society

Repressive State Apparatus (RSA)

institutions who control primarily through violence and coercion

Public Sphere

an arena where people come together, exchange opinions regarding public affairs, discuss, deliberate and eventually form public opinion

Representation

the production of meaning through language (Hall, 1997)

Denotation

precise, literal definition of a word

Connotation

positive and negative associations that most words naturally carry with them

Intertextuality

texts referring to other texts

Polysemy

a single text/word can have multiple meanings

Discourse

groups of statements which structure the way a thing is thought, and the way we act on the basis of that thinking

Propaganda

‘deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that mainly furthers the desired intent of the propagandist’

Media economics

concerned with how media operators meet the informational and entertainment wants and needs of audiences, advertisers, and society with available resources (Picard 1989)

Market failure

the failure to advance socially desirable goals other than efficiency, e.g preserving democracy

Neoliberalism

ideology that emphasises individual responsibility and free-market capitalism

Culture industry

mass media is a factory that produces ‘culture’

Race

physical differences that groups and cultures consider socially significant

Ethnicity

shared culture, such as language, ancestry, practices, and beliefs

Intersectionality

the idea that disadvantage is conditioned by multiple interacting systems of oppression

Eurocentrism

places European values in a privileged, central position, and sees the world from a European perspective

Primitivism

positions POC and indigenous peoples as dangerous and animal-like

Habitus

the deeply ingrained, often unconscious, dispositions, habits, and perceptions that individuals acquire through their socialisation and experience that shapes their behaviours and social interactions

Popular feminism

feminism that is visible and does not disrupt hegemonic beliefs or ideas

Popular misogyny

misogyny that is less visible but reified into institutions and structures

Neoliberal feminism

where the values and assumptions of neoliberalism (ever-expanding markets, entrepreneurialism, focus on individual) are embraced by feminism (Rottenberg 2014)

Sex

the different biological and physiological characteristics of males and females

Gender

the socially constructed characteristics of women and men – such as norms, roles, and relationships of and between groups of people

Mediatisation

where mass media begin to influence other aspects of society, such as politics, culture, and religion

Quiet activism

modest, embodied acts that often entail processes of production or creativity, and which can be either implicitly or explicitly political in nature

Media logic

the dominant processes, established routines, and standardized formats which frame and shape the production of mass-media content, especially its representation or construction of reality

Algorithms

encoded procedures for transforming input data into a desired output, based on specific calculations

Post-structuralism

philosophy that argues culture and meaning are inseparable, meanings are not fixed but (re)constructed by individuals

Postmodernism

philosophy that rejects a singular narrative or absolute truth

reflective approach (hall)

language functions like a mirror, to reflect the true meaning as it already exists

intentional approach (hall)

words mean what the author intends they should mean

constructionist approach (hall)

things don’t mean, we construct meaning

forms of domination (gramsci)

physical force and cultural consent

false consciousness

working class believed they were subordinated because the only capital they had was their labour

economic determinism

ideology is a method for control

marx’s model of exploitation

capitalists must exploit workers to realise profit

base

social relations of production

superstructure

ideology that maintains base

tripartite model of analysis

transmission, construction, reception

5 ways ideological power is exercised

legitimation, dissimulation, unification, fragmentation, reification

legitimation

unequal power relationships are created and maintained by being represented as legitimate and as being in ‘everybody’s interest’

dissimulation

occurs where relations of domination are denied, hidden, or obscured

unification

hegemonic or dominant ideology unifies members of a society into a collective entity usually in opposition to a real or imagined ‘enemy’

fragmentation

dividing or fragmenting the potential opposition and thus reducing the perceived ‘threat’ they might otherwise pose

reification

unequal social structures are represented as being ‘natural’ and ‘inevitable’

agenda setting

Mass media transfer the salience of issues on the media agenda to the public agenda

negative realities of digitisation of public sphere

declining trust in journalism, media deregulation, exclusivity

positive realities of digitisation of public sphere

online content more accessible, fewer gatekeepers and agenda setters

types of signs

iconic, indexical, symbolic

iconic sign

physical resemblance

indexical sign

cause and effect

symbolic sign

arbitrary

parts of a sign

referent, sign, signifier, signified

referent

the object, idea, or event represented by the sign

signifier

the physical form of the sign

floating signifier

a signifier without a referent

signified

the idea or mental concept of a thing

sign

comprised of both the signifier and the signified

discursive formation

the way meanings are connected together in a particular discourse

encoding/decoding model

two moments in communication exchanges

dominant-hegemonic position

accepting the media message exactly in terms of the code in which it is produced

negotiated position

viewers making negotiated readings relate to/understand the dominant message, but also filter media content through individual lens

oppositional position

detotalising the message in the preferred code in order to retotalise it within some alternative frame of reference

3 types of media decoding

dominant-hegemonic, negotiated, oppositional

hypodermic needle

Direct influence of persuasion

spiral of silence

media create perceptions of opinion prevalence

cultivation theory

exposure to repeated patterns of behaviour over time affects how people view the world

two-step flow

opinion leaders receive media messages and disseminate to public

uses and gratifications

surveillance, personal relationships, personal identity, diversion

preference-based

self-selection of news content is a necessary precondition for effects to occur

media filters

ownership, advertising, information sourcing, flak, anti-communism

propaganda model

argues the role of media is to manufacture consent and mobilise bias in favour of elite

lauderdale paradox

contradiction between public wealth and private riches

exchange value

scarcity

use value

tangible features of commodities

market approaches

neoclassical, cultural, political

neoclassical approach

focus on supply and demand

cultural approach

focus on how symbols and morals shape economy

political approach

focus on how politics influence supply and demand

vertical market

when a business owns the different levels of production

horizontal market

when a business owns multiple companies in the same industry

race (hall)

does not exist outside of representation

phases of westernisation

exploration, extermination, colonisation, colonialism, exploitation, imperialism, integration, post-colonialism

noble savage

positions othered cultures as more pure and noble and therefore less civilised

positionality

identities are constituted across a range of different discourses

types of capital

economic, social, cultural, symbolic

economic capital

material wealth

social capital

who you know

symbolic capital

what prestige and honour you have

cultural capital

what skills and knowledge you have

first wave feminism

voting rights for (white) women

second wave feminism

concerned with equal legal, social, and abortion rights

third wave feminism

concerned with sexual harassment, intersectional discrimination

fourth wave feminism

empowerment of women