Study Guide: Quiz 1 - Mitosis and Meiosis

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Last updated 2:21 AM on 3/14/25
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47 Terms

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Chromatin

Loose, uncoiled DNA found in the nucleus during interphase.
Loose, uncoiled DNA found in the nucleus during interphase.
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Chromatid

One of two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome.
One of two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome.
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Sister Chromatids

Two identical chromatids joined together at a centromere.
Two identical chromatids joined together at a centromere.
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Chromosome
Condensed, coiled DNA that carries genetic information.
Condensed, coiled DNA that carries genetic information.
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Centromere
The central region where sister chromatids are joined.
The central region where sister chromatids are joined.
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Telomere
Protective ends of chromosomes that prevent degradation.
Protective ends of chromosomes that prevent degradation.
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q arm

The longer section of a chromosome.

<p>The <strong>longer </strong>section of a chromosome.</p>
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p arm

The shorter section of a chromosome.

<p>The <strong>shorter </strong>section of a chromosome.</p>
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Why are telomeres important?
They prevent the loss of genetic information during DNA replication and their shortening is linked to aging and cell death.
They prevent the loss of genetic information during DNA replication and their shortening is linked to aging and cell death.
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Sister chromatids relationship
Identical copies of the same chromosome, held together at the centromere.
Identical copies of the same chromosome, held together at the centromere.
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Interphase

Stage of the cell cycle that includes G1, S, and G2 phases. (meiosis).

<p>Stage of the cell cycle that includes G1, S, and G2 phases. (meiosis).</p>
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G1 Phase
Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication.
Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication.
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S Phase
DNA replication occurs.
DNA replication occurs.
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G2 Phase
Final preparation for mitosis, organelles are duplicated.
Final preparation for mitosis, organelles are duplicated.
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Mitosis
Division of the nucleus.
Division of the nucleus.
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Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells.

<p><strong>Division </strong>of the cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells.</p>
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G1 Checkpoint
Checks cell size and DNA integrity.
Checks cell size and DNA integrity.
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G2 Checkpoint
Ensures DNA replication was successful.
Ensures DNA replication was successful.
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M Checkpoint
Verifies chromosome alignment during mitosis.
Verifies chromosome alignment during mitosis.
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Apoptosis
Programmed cell death to remove damaged or unneeded cells.
Programmed cell death to remove damaged or unneeded cells.
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Mitosis in Single-celled organisms

The process through which single-celled organisms replicate their nuclei and divide into daughter cells.

<p><span>The process through which single-celled organisms replicate their nuclei and divide into daughter cells.</span></p>
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Mitosis in Multicellular organisms

Process by which somatic (body) cells divide to allow for growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues.

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Prophase

1st phase where chromatin condences

<p>1st phase where chromatin condences</p>
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Metaphase

2nd phase Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.

<p> 2nd phase Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.</p>
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Anaphase

3rd phase where Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

<p>3rd phase where Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.</p>
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Telophase

4th phase, where the Nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense.

<p>4th phase, where the Nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense.</p>
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Purpose of Meiosis
Creates gametes (sperm and egg) for sexual reproduction and introduces genetic variation.
Creates gametes (sperm and egg) for sexual reproduction and introduces genetic variation.
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Gene
A section of DNA that codes for a trait.
A section of DNA that codes for a trait.
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Allele
A variant of a gene (e.g., blue vs. brown eye color).
A variant of a gene (e.g., blue vs. brown eye color).
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Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosome pairs (one from each parent) with similar genes but possibly different alleles.
Chromosome pairs (one from each parent) with similar genes but possibly different alleles.
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Human Chromosome Count
46 total chromosomes (23 pairs), inherited from both parents.
46 total chromosomes (23 pairs), inherited from both parents.
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Diploid Cells
Cells that have two sets of chromosomes (body cells).
Cells that have two sets of chromosomes (body cells).
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Haploid Cells
Cells that have one set of chromosomes (gametes).
Cells that have one set of chromosomes (gametes).
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Crossing Over
Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes in Prophase I.
Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes in Prophase I.
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Independent Assortment
Random separation of chromosomes during Metaphase I.
Random separation of chromosomes during Metaphase I.
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Tetrad

pair of homologous chromosomes(4 chromatids)that forms during prophase I

<p>pair of homologous chromosomes(4 chromatids)that forms during prophase I</p>
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DNA Duplication in Meiosis
DNA is duplicated once, but the cell divides twice.
DNA is duplicated once, but the cell divides twice.
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Oogenesis

Process of egg cell production, resulting in 1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies.

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Spermatogenesis
Process of sperm cell production, resulting in 4 sperm cells.
Process of sperm cell production, resulting in 4 sperm cells.
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Mitosis Comparison: Produces gametes
Mitosis does not produce gametes; Meiosis does.
Mitosis does not produce gametes; Meiosis does.
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Mitosis Comparison: Growth & Repair
Mitosis is for growth & repair; Meiosis is not.
Mitosis is for growth & repair; Meiosis is not.
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Mitosis Comparison: Genetic Variation
Mitosis does not introduce genetic variation; Meiosis does.
Mitosis does not introduce genetic variation; Meiosis does.
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Mitosis Comparison: Divisions
Mitosis has one division; Meiosis has two divisions.
Mitosis has one division; Meiosis has two divisions.
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Nondisjunction
Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.
Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.
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Karyotype
A visual representation of chromosomes used to detect abnormalities.
A visual representation of chromosomes used to detect abnormalities.
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Autosomal Disorders

Chromosomal disorders like Down syndrome and Trisomy 18. -1 chromosome

<p>Chromosomal disorders like Down syndrome and Trisomy 18. -1 chromosome </p>
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Sex Chromosome Disorders

Disorders such as Turner syndrome (XO) and Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). (an extra chromosome) +1

<p>Disorders such as Turner syndrome (XO) and Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). (an extra chromosome) +1</p>