Exam 1

Cumulative / Cascade Model

Risk factors build over time, where one problem leads to another, increasing the likelihood of criminal behavior.

Social Risk Factors

Factors such as poverty, peer rejection, and academic failure that contribute to developmental risks.

Authoritarian Parenting

A parenting style characterized by strict and controlling behavior.

Permissive Parenting

A parenting style with few rules and little discipline.

Authoritative Parenting

A balanced parenting style with discipline and support.

Attachment Styles

Types of emotional bonds a child can form with their caregivers; includes secure, anxious/ambivalent, and avoidant.

MAOA Gene

A gene linked to aggression and antisocial behavior.

Twin Studies

Research comparing identical vs. fraternal twins to determine genetic influence on behavior.

Behaviorism

The psychological theory focusing on observable behaviors and the ways they're learned, including classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Expectancy Theory

A theory by Julian Rotter stating that behavior is based on expected outcomes and rewards.

Fundamental Attribution Bias

The tendency to blame behavior on personality traits instead of situational factors.

Frustration-Induced Criminality

The idea that frustration can lead to increased aggression and potentially to crime.

Aggression

Behavior intended to harm another individual.

Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis

The theory that frustration increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

General Aggression Model (GAM)

A model stating that aggression results from interactions between personal traits, situational factors, and emotional responses.

Reactive Aggression

An emotional and impulsive response to perceived threats or frustrations.

Proactive Aggression

Planned and goal-oriented aggression aimed at achieving a specific objective.

Media Violence

The impact of exposure to violent media, leading to increased aggressive thoughts and behaviors.

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to attribute success to oneself and failure to external factors.

Bystander Effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.

Social Learning Theory

A theory by Albert Bandura stating that behaviors can be learned through the observation of others.

TEDs Twin Study

A large study examining genetic influences on behavior and development through twins.

Excitation Transfer Theory

The concept that arousal from one situation can spill over into aggression in another situation.

Psychodynamic Theory of Aggression

Freud's theory that aggression is an innate drive that must be expressed.

Ethological Theory of Aggression

Konrad Lorenz's theory stating that aggression is instinctual and involves territoriality.