Exam 1

Here is a more condensed, easy-to-study version of your review sheet. I kept only the key ideas, names, and definitions so it’s quicker to memorize.





Condensed Review Sheet




Chapter 2 – Developmental Risk Factors



Cumulative / Cascade Model (p.30)


  • Risk factors build over time.

  • One problem leads to another, increasing likelihood of criminal behavior.




Developmental Risk Factors (p.46)



1. Social Risk Factors


  • Poverty

  • Peer rejection (mostly studied in boys)

  • Academic failure



2. Parental Risk Factors


  • Single-parent homes

  • Parenting styles:

    • Authoritarian – strict, controlling

    • Permissive – few rules

    • Authoritative – balanced discipline and support




3. Psychological Risk Factors


  • Attachment styles (Mary Ainsworth):

    • Secure

    • Anxious/Ambivalent

    • Avoidant


  • Low empathy

  • ADHD

  • Conduct disorder

  • Low IQ






Chapter 3 – Biological Factors



Twin Studies (Nature vs. Nurture) (p.61)


  • Compare identical vs. fraternal twins to see genetic influence on behavior.



TEDs Twin Study (p.63)


  • Large twin study examining genetic influence on behavior and development.



Molecular Genetics


  • MAOA gene linked to aggression/antisocial behavior.



Temperament


  • Inborn personality traits (emotional reactivity, activity level).



Malnutrition in Infants (p.75–76)


  • Poor nutrition can impair brain development and increase behavioral problems.



Traumatic Brain Injury


  • Brain damage can affect behavior, impulse control, and aggression.

  • Brain plasticity = brain’s ability to adapt or reorganize after injury.






Chapter 4 – Criminal Behavior is Learned



Behaviorism


  • Classical Conditioning – learning through association

  • Operant Conditioning (Skinner) – behavior shaped by rewards/punishment

  • Social Learning (Bandura) – learning by observing others




Key Psychologists



  • Pavlov – classical conditioning

  • Watson – behaviorism

  • Skinner – operant conditioning

  • Bandura – social learning theory



Expectancy Theory – Julian Rotter


  • Behavior based on expected outcomes/rewards.



Differential Association-Reinforcement


  • Ronald Akers & Edwin Sutherland

  • Criminal behavior learned through interaction with others.



Frustration-Induced Criminality – Leonard Berkowitz


  • Frustration increases aggression → can lead to riots or crime.




Cognitive Biases



  • Fundamental Attribution Bias – blaming behavior on personality instead of situation.

  • Self-Serving Bias – credit success to self, blame failure on external factors.




Classic Experiments



  • Stanley Milgram – obedience to authority

  • Philip Zimbardo – Stanford Prison Experiment (roles influence behavior)



Bystander Effect


  • People less likely to help when others are present.

  • Case: Kitty Genovese






Chapter 5 – Aggression



Aggression (p.114)


  • Behavior intended to harm another.



Violence (p.117)


  • Extreme physical aggression.






Theories of Aggression



Psychodynamic – Sigmund Freud


  • Aggression is an innate drive that must be released.



Ethological – Konrad Lorenz


  • Aggression is instinctual.

  • Includes territoriality and ritualized aggression.



Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis – Berkowitz


  • Frustration increases likelihood of aggression.

  • Weapons effect: weapons can trigger aggressive responses.



Excitation Transfer Theory – Dolf Zillmann


  • Arousal from one situation increases aggression in another situation (often toward a safer target).






Social Learning & Aggression (Bandura)



Aggression is more likely when someone:


  1. Observes aggression

  2. Is rewarded for aggression

  3. Is a victim of aggression



Models of Aggression


  • Family

  • Subculture/peers

  • Media






General Aggression Model (GAM) (p.129)



  • Aggression results from interaction of:

    • Personal traits

    • Situational factors

    • Thoughts, emotions, arousal







Types of Aggression



Reactive Aggression


  • Emotional, impulsive response to threat or frustration.



Proactive Aggression


  • Planned, goal-oriented aggression (used to gain something).






Gender Differences (p.132)



  • Males show more physical aggression.

  • Females more relational/social aggression.






Media Violence



  • Exposure to violent media can increase aggressive thoughts and behaviors.





✅ Study Tip: Focus on


  • Names + theories

  • Key definitions (reactive vs proactive, aggression vs violence)

  • Major experiments (Milgram, Zimbardo, Bandura)





If you want, I can also make a super-short “test cheat sheet” version (about half this size) that fits on one page for quick memorization.