Bio143-B Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards created for studying key concepts and vocabulary from the Bio143-B Exam notes.

Complementary Strand

The sequence of nucleotides that pairs with a given DNA sequence; for ATTGCC, the complementary strand is TAACGG.

Monomers of DNA

Nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA.

Function of Gene Product

Determined by the sequence of bases in the DNA.

Genome

The complete sequence of DNA in a given organism.

Semiconservative DNA Replication

Each new DNA molecule has half the DNA from the old one.

Complementary DNA Sequence

For a 5'-A-T-G-C-3' strand, the complementary sequence is 3'-T-A-C-G-5'.

DNA Replication Process

Involves DNA polymerase, DNA helicase, and DNA ligase, but not DNA replicase.

Cell Division

Each daughter cell receives a half of the hereditary information from the parent cell.

Stem Cells

Cells that are able to differentiate into a variety of cell types.

Structure of DNA

Resembles a spiral staircase.

Components of a DNA nucleotide

Includes a phosphate group, deoxyribose, and a nitrogenous base (either adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) but not a phospholipid.

Nucleotide Structure

Correctly structured as phosphate-sugar-base.

DNA Backbone

Formed by phosphate groups binding to deoxyribose.

Differentiated Cells

Permanent cells such as most brain cells.

Asexual Reproduction

Results in daughter cells receiving a nearly perfect copy of the parent cell's genetic information.

Eukaryotic Asexual Reproduction

All listed eukaryotes except domestic dogs can reproduce asexually.

Mitosis Chromosome Sets

The number of chromosome sets in daughter cells is the same as in the parent cell.

Cell Cycle

The repeating sequence of cells dividing, growing, and dividing again.

Longest Phase of Prokaryotic Cell Cycle

Cell growth and DNA replication.

Prokaryotic Fission

Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes.

Relationship among DNA, Gene, and Chromosome

A chromosome contains hundreds of genes, which are composed of DNA.

Adenine Percentage

If guanine is 30%, then adenine is also 30% based on complementary base pairing rules.

Not Found in DNA

Phospholipid groups are not found in DNA.

DNA Structure Features from X-ray Diffraction

Suggested that DNA is helical with a uniform diameter of 2 nanometers, with the phosphate-sugar backbone on the outside.

Phosphate Bonding in DNA

Phosphate groups bond to deoxyribose.

Chargaff's Rule

A bonds with T, and G bonds with C.

Complementary Base Pairs Interactions

Held together by hydrogen bonds.

DNA Uprights in Ladder Comparison

The upright sides are deoxyribose linked to phosphate.

Join Deoxyribose to Phosphate

Covalent bonds connect deoxyribose to phosphate.

Different Base Pairings in DNA

There are four different kinds of base pairings.

Chromosomes Differences

Prokaryotic chromosomes are not contained in a membrane-bound organelle.

Chromatin

Uncoiled DNA spread throughout the nucleus.

Chromosome Visibility in Mitosis

Due to the condensation of DNA.

Centromere Functionality

It is the attachment site for microtubules and appears to join duplicated DNAs.

Fitting DNA into Nucleus

DNA is wrapped around histones.

Cell Membrane Structure

The lipid portion isolates while the protein portion regulates exchange.

Hydrophobic Tails Orientation

Oriented toward the interior of the plasma membrane.

Hydrophilic Regions in Membrane Proteins

Exposed on the surface of the cell membrane.

Recognition Proteins Function

Distinguish foreign cells from 'self' cells.

Immune System Self-Attack Prevention

Recognition proteins prevent the immune system from attacking own cells.

Cystic Fibrosis Cause

A failure of an ion transporter causes salt imbalances affecting water diffusion.

Molecule Diffusion

Caused by continuous random motion of molecules.

Facilitated Diffusion Proteins

Transport proteins are responsible for facilitated diffusion.

Maintaining Cell Shape

Connection proteins link the membrane protein with the cytoskeleton.

Energy-Requiring Transport

Active transport brings substances into a cell.

External Message Conveying Proteins

Receptor proteins convey external messages.

Membrane Movement Enhancer

Adding unsaturated phospholipids makes it easier for membrane proteins to move.

Main Lipids in Cell Membrane

Phospholipids are the main lipids found in cell membranes.

Requirement for Diffusion

There must be a gradient for diffusion to occur.

Effect of Cholera Toxin

Prevents sodium ions from moving into cells, affecting water movement.