Helping in Emergencies
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61 Terms
What is prosocial behaviour?
Acts that are positively valued by society.
How does helping behaviour differ from altruism?
Helping behaviour is any act that intentionally benefits another, whereas altruism is specifically the desire to benefit another without regard for oneself.
What was the original media claim regarding the Kitty Genovese murder?
That 38 witnesses saw or heard the event and no one helped.
What does research by Manning, Levine, and Collins (2007) suggest about the Genovese case?
It suggests the original media reports were exaggerated; there were fewer witnesses, fewer attacks, and police were actually contacted.
What is the core premise of the Inclusive Fitness Theory?
Prosocial behaviour is more likely when rb > c, where r is relatedness, b is reproductive benefit, and c is reproductive cost.
What is the group selection hypothesis in evolutionary psychology?
The idea that altruistic groups are more likely to out-compete non-altruistic groups.
What is the reciprocity principle in evolutionary terms?
The 'I scratch your back, you scratch mine' approach, which requires repeated interactions and the ability to detect free-riders.
What is a major critique of biological explanations for helping behaviour?
They fail to explain why we help non-relatives or why helping behaviour varies so significantly across situations.
According to social learning theory, how do individuals learn to help?
By observing models, learning the consequences of helping, and increasing confidence in their own ability to assist.
What role does reinforcement play in prosocial behaviour?
When modelled helping behaviour is rewarded, it is more likely to be repeated by the observer.
What did the Rushton and Teachman (1978) study demonstrate?
Children who were rewarded for generous behaviour were more likely to repeat it later than children who were punished.
What is vicarious experience in the context of helping?
Learning to be helpful by observing others perform helping acts or observing the positive outcomes of those acts.
What did Bryan and Test (1967) find regarding stranded motorists?
Motorists were 50% more likely to help a stranded driver if they had recently passed someone else providing assistance.
What did Hornstein (1970) find regarding the return of lost wallets?
People were more likely to return a wallet if they had previously seen someone else do so while appearing happy.
What is the social responsibility norm?
The expectation to assist those dependent on our help without expecting future personal gain.
What is the just-world hypothesis?
The belief that the world is a just place where people generally get what they deserve.
How is altruism defined in the context of individual motivations?
Motivation driven by the desire to increase another person's welfare.
What is egoism in the context of helping?
Helping behaviour motivated by the desire to benefit oneself.
Where are lecture recordings for this course stored?
In the Panopto cloud, accessible via SSO through Canvas/WebLearn.
Who has access to the lecture recordings?
Only students in the specific year group registered on the course.
What is the primary factor influencing 'r' in the Inclusive Fitness Theory?
Relatedness, defined as the number of steps from a common ancestor.
Why is the group selection theory empirically contested?
There is a lack of conclusive evidence to support the claim that altruistic groups consistently out-compete others.
What is the main difference between learning through reinforcement and vicarious experience?
Reinforcement involves direct rewards or punishments for the observer's own actions, while vicarious experience involves observing the outcomes of others' actions.
What is the key requirement for the reciprocity principle to function effectively?
Repeated interactions between individuals and the ability to identify and exclude free-riders.
What is the definition of altruistic motivation?
Motivation driven by the desire to increase another person's welfare.
What is the definition of egoistic motivation?
Motivation driven by the desire to increase one's own welfare.
According to the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis, what does empathic concern motivate?
Altruistic helping, where the individual is prepared to help even at a personal cost.
What does personal distress motivate in a helping situation?
Egoistic helping, where the individual's goal is to remove themselves from the situation.
In the Batson et al. (1981) study, what were the two independent variables?
Similarity to the person in need and ease of escape.
What does the Negative State Relief Model suggest about helping?
Helping is motivated by the desire to improve one's own negative mood.
What is the bystander effect?
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help when others are present compared to when they are alone.
What is diffusion of responsibility?
The tendency to share responsibility among all present, reducing the individual's felt need to help.
What is pluralistic ignorance?
Looking to others for cues on how to behave, leading to inaction if others appear passive.
What is evaluation apprehension?
The fear of social blunders or being judged negatively by others for misreading a situation.
What is audience inhibition?
Reduced helping due to the mere presence of an observing audience, often linked to evaluation apprehension.
List the five stages of Latané and Darley's Cognitive Model of Bystander Intervention.
Notice the event, define it as an emergency, take personal responsibility, know how to help, and decide to help.
What are the components of the Bystander-Calculus Model?
Experiencing unpleasant arousal, labeling that arousal, and calculating the costs of helping versus not helping.
According to the Bystander-Calculus Model, what happens if the cost of helping is high and the cost of not helping is low?
The bystander is likely to ignore the victim.
What are four recipient-centered determinants of helping?
Attractiveness, perceived responsibility for misfortune, similarity, and group membership.
In Levine et al. (2005), how did making a specific social identity salient affect helping?
Participants were significantly more likely to help a victim wearing their own team's shirt.
In Levine et al. (2005), what happened when an inclusive 'football fan' identity was made salient?
Helping increased for victims wearing any football team's shirt, not just the participant's own team.
What is the key claim of Batson et al. regarding altruism?
The motivation behind some helpful actions is genuinely altruistic.
How does the Negative State Relief Model differ from the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis?
It predicts that if a person's mood is fixed, helping will decrease, whereas the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis predicts helping remains high if empathy is high.
What is the primary cause of inaction in pluralistic ignorance?
Observing others' passivity makes the situation seem less serious than it actually is.
What is the result of the Bystander-Calculus Model when the cost of not helping is high?
The bystander will either directly or indirectly help the victim to reduce the cost of inaction.
What does the term 'salient' refer to in the context of social identity studies?
The degree to which a particular identity is made prominent or active in the participant's mind.
Why is the bystander effect considered a robust finding in social psychology?
It has been consistently replicated, particularly in non-dangerous situations as shown in meta-analyses.
How does social identity shape helping behavior?
It influences who is perceived as part of the 'in-group' and therefore deemed worthy of help.