APUSH Period 1-2

AP US History periods 1-2 | very in dept set - review flashcards for terms, names, and time periods | repeats but different wordings

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and goods between the Americas and Europe, Africa, and Asia after Columbus's voyage in 1492.

Columbian Exchange (Americas → Europe, Africa, Asia)

Potatoes, corn (maize), tobacco, and cacao (cocoa beans).

Columbian Exchange (Europe, Africa, Asia → Americas)

Diseases, livestock (horses, cattle, sheep, etc.), and honeybees.

Impact of the Columbian Exchange

European diseases killed about 90% of many Native American populations, making European conquest much easier.

Encomienda System

A Spanish labor system that forced Native Americans to work while Spaniards promised to convert them to Christianity.

Encomienda System (Native Americans)

Forced to work, give up their religion, and convert to Christianity.

End of the Encomienda System

Its decline contributed to the rise of the West African slave trade because the Native population had drastically decreased.

Distinct Native American Cultures

Native American societies developed different cultures based on their region's climate and geography.

Factors That Shaped Native American Cultures

Climate and geography.

Land Bridge (Bering Land Bridge)

During the last Ice Age, the first people migrated from Asia to North America across a land bridge.

Result of the Land Bridge Migration

People spread throughout North America and developed distinct cultures based on their environments.

1492

Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic and reached the Americas, beginning lasting contact between Europe and the New World.

Why Were Native Americans Called "Indians"?

Columbus mistakenly believed he had reached India (Asia) and called the people he met "Indians."

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers and soldiers who systematically conquered large parts of the Americas.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire.

Reasons for Spanish Conquest

European diseases and superior military technology (firepower) allowed the Spanish to defeat Native civilizations.

Jamestown

Founded on May 24, 1607, Jamestown was the first permanent English colony in North America.

Virginia Company of London

A joint-stock company that received a 1606 charter from King James I to establish a colony in the New World.

Charter of the Virginia Company

Guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishmen, an idea that later influenced colonial views on self-government and rights.

Joint-Stock Company

A business in which investors pooled money to fund colonies while sharing the profits and risks.

John Smith

Leader whose strict leadership and organization were key to Jamestown's survival.

Powhatan Confederacy

A powerful alliance of Native American tribes led by Chief Powhatan that dominated the James River region.

First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614)

Ended after the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe, creating a temporary peace between the English and Powhatan Confederacy.

Pocahontas & John Rolfe

Their marriage marked the first known interracial union in Virginia and helped end the First Anglo-Powhatan War.

Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644)

The Powhatan Confederacy's final major attempt to drive the English out of Virginia.

Why the Powhatan Lost

Disease, disorganization, and lack of unity weakened the Powhatan Confederacy against the English.

Henry VIII

Broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s, beginning the English Reformation and establishing the Church of England.

Elizabeth I

Restored Protestantism in England after becoming queen in 1558.

Sir Francis Drake

English 'Sea Dog' who became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Sponsored the Roanoke Island colony, England's first attempt at colonization in North America.

Roanoke Island

England's first colony in North America, known as the 'Lost Colony' because its settlers mysteriously disappeared.

Primogeniture

The law stating that only the eldest son inherited family land, leaving many younger sons seeking opportunities in the colonies.

Surplus Population

England's growing population created economic pressure and encouraged overseas colonization.

Chesapeake Bay

Region where Virginia and Maryland were established.

Lord De La Warr

Arrived in Virginia in 1610 to strengthen and reorganize Jamestown's colony.

Spanish Colonization

Focused on converting Native Americans to Christianity, intermarriage, and establishing missions.

English Colonization

Focused on permanent settlement, taking land, little intermarriage, and displacing Native Americans.

French Colonization

Focused on trade, cooperation with Native Americans, and maintaining mutually beneficial relationships.

John Rolfe

Introduced tobacco cultivation to Virginia in 1612, making tobacco the colony's main cash crop.

Tobacco

Virginia's major cash crop that brought great wealth but quickly depleted the soil, leading colonists to seek more land.

Indentured Servants

Laborers who agreed to work for about 7 years in exchange for passage to America, food, shelter, and eventually freedom.

Headright System

Granted land to the person who paid for an indentured servant's passage to the colonies, encouraging immigration.

Beginning of Slavery (1619)

A Dutch ship brought about 20 Africans to Jamestown, marking the beginning of African slavery in English North America.

House of Burgesses (1619)

The first representative assembly in the English colonies, giving Virginians a form of self-government.

Royal Colony (1624)

King James I revoked the Virginia Company's charter, making Virginia a royal colony under direct control of the English king.

Representative Government

Began in Virginia in 1619 with the creation of the House of Burgesses.

Maryland

Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics.

Lord Baltimore

Founder of Maryland, which was intended to provide a safe haven for Catholics.

Act of Toleration (1649)

Granted religious toleration to all Christians in Maryland but did not protect Jews or atheists, who could face severe punishment.

English West Indies

England gained islands like Jamaica (1655), where the economy centered on sugar plantations.

Sugar Plantations

Required much more labor than tobacco plantations, increasing the demand for enslaved Africans.

Growth of Slavery

As sugar plantations expanded in the West Indies, enslaved Africans eventually outnumbered white settlers.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

A rebellion that highlighted Virginia's labor problems and accelerated the shift from indentured servants to enslaved African labor.

Puritans

Protestants who wanted to reform (purify) the Church of England but remain within it.

Pilgrims (Separatists)

A group of Puritans who believed the Church of England could not be reformed and completely separated from it.

Great Migration

The large migration of thousands of Puritans from England to Massachusetts Bay during the 1630s to escape religious persecution.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

An agreement signed by the Pilgrims establishing a self-governing colony based on majority rule; one of the first examples of self-government in the English colonies.

Plymouth Colony (1620)

Founded by the Pilgrims after the Mayflower landed in present-day Massachusetts.

The Netherlands (Holland)

The Pilgrims first fled to Holland for religious freedom before sailing to America on the Mayflower.

Dutchification

The Pilgrims feared their children were adopting Dutch language and customs, encouraging them to move to America.

Mayflower Voyage

The Pilgrims intended to settle in Virginia but landed farther north, establishing Plymouth instead.

Pilgrims' Goal

They intended to build a permanent community in America rather than return to England.

Predestination

The belief that God had already decided before birth who would be saved (go to Heaven) and who would be damned (go to Hell).

John Calvin

Protestant reformer whose teachings inspired the Puritan belief in predestination.

Visible Saints

Church members believed to show evidence of being among God's 'elect' through their godly lives and behavior.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan woman who challenged Puritan religious leaders and questioned predestination and the authority of ministers; she was banished from Massachusetts Bay.

Anne Hutchinson's Significance

Challenging Puritan authority weakened religious unity and promoted the idea of religious freedom in the colonies.

Congregational Church

A Protestant church in which each individual congregation governs itself; it became the primary church organization of the Puritans in New England.

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay who described the colony as a 'City upon a Hill,' meant to serve as a model Christian society.

'City upon a Hill'

John Winthrop's vision that Massachusetts Bay would be an example of a godly Christian community for the world.

King Philip's War (1675–1676)

A major war between New England colonists and Native Americans led by Metacom (King Philip) that ended Native resistance in southern New England and greatly increased English control.

Metacom (King Philip)

Wampanoag chief who led Native American resistance against the English during King Philip's War.

Mercantilism

An economic system in which colonies existed to benefit the mother country by supplying raw materials and serving as markets for manufactured goods.

Navigation Acts

English laws that regulated colonial trade by requiring many goods to be shipped on English ships, strengthening English control and supporting mercantilism.

Pequot War (1636–1638)

A conflict between New England colonists and the Pequot people that resulted in a decisive English victory and weakened Native American power in New England.

Roger Williams

Religious dissenter who founded Rhode Island after being banished from Massachusetts Bay; supported religious freedom and the separation of church and state.

Toleration Act (1689)

English law granting limited religious freedom to Protestant dissenters outside the Church of England.

William Penn

Quaker who founded Pennsylvania as a colony based on religious freedom, tolerance, and peaceful relations with Native Americans.

Powhatan

Leader of the powerful Powhatan Confederacy near Jamestown who initially traded with the English before relations became increasingly hostile.

Georgia (Identity)

Founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida and as a colony for debtors. Slavery, rum, and large landownership were originally banned.

Georgia (Geography & Economy)

Warm weather and a long growing season supported rice, indigo, and later tobacco. Rivers and coastal plains encouraged farming and trade.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) and the New World (Americas) after Columbus' voyage in 1492.

Triangle Trade

The trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that exchanged manufactured goods, enslaved Africans, and colonial cash crops.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of things.

Triangle Trade

Movement of trade and enslaved people.

Columbian Exchange

Happened because Europeans and Native Americans came into contact.

Triangle Trade

Happened because colonies needed labor and Europe wanted profits.

Columbian Exchange (Europe → Americas)

Horses, cattle, pigs, wheat, sugar, coffee, smallpox, measles.

Columbian Exchange (Americas → Europe)

Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, squash, chocolate.

Triangle Trade Route - Europe → Africa

Manufactured goods (guns, cloth, tools)

Triangle Trade Route - Africa → Americas

Enslaved Africans (Middle Passage)

Triangle Trade Route - Americas → Europe

Sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, molasses, other cash crops

Middle Passage

The voyage that transported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.

The Enlightenment

Movement emphasizing reason, science, and natural rights instead of absolute monarchy.

John Locke

Enlightenment philosopher who greatly influenced American political thought.

Natural Rights

According to Locke: Life, Liberty, and Property.

Great Awakening

Religious revival (1730s–1750s) that encouraged personal faith and challenged established churches.

Great Awakening

Helped create a unique American identity and made people more willing to question authority.

George Whitefield

Popular preacher of the Great Awakening.

Jonathan Edwards

Great Awakening preacher who gave the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."