Amines + Amides

What is difference between primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary amines?

• Pri - 1 organic group

• Secon - 2 organic group

• Ter - 3 organic group

• Quat - 4 groups + N is +ive

Why are amines basic?

lone e pair on N accepts proton

forms dative covalent bond bet lone e pair + H

acts as bronsted-lowry acid

How is strength of amines determined?

• depends on availability of lone e pair on N

• high e density = more available

Reaction of amines with dilute acids

forms ammonium salts

How to convert ammonium salts to amines?

add NaOH

How are aliphatic amines produced?

haloalkanes + excess ethanoic ammonia

nucleophilic substitution

How are 2nd + tertiary amines produced?

2nd - pri amine + haloalkane

tertiary - 2nd amine + haloalkane

How are aromatic amines produced?

• reducing nitro compounds

• heat under reflux with tin + conc HCl = salt → react with alkali = aromatic amines

why is phenylamine a weak base?

lone pair of electron on N delocalises with benzene pi ring so is less able to accept electrons

Functional group of amides + difference between primary + secondary amides?

• functional group = -CONH2

• Pri - no alkyl groups

• Secon - 1 alkyl group