Superpowers and relation/ Cold War

part 1

who were the people in the grand alliance?

Winston Churchill (uk), Franklin Roosevelt (US), Joseph stalin (UUSR)

When was the Tehran conference

October 1943

when was the Yalta conference

February 1945

when was the Potsdam conference

July 1945

What was agreed at Potsdam

berlin would be spilt into 4 (uk, ussr, us and France.)

Stalin would have Poland and promised free elections

what did Stalin do that increased tensions (1)

He didn’t give Poland free elections that he promised. Made it communist

what was the countries surrounding the ussr called to Stalin? (1945-1948)

his buffer zone of communist countries

what happened on the 6th and the 9th of August 1945

usa tested atombic bombs on Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki)

What, where and who iron curtain speech?

Speech declaring the divide between the east and west in Missouri use, March 1946

what was the Truman doctrine

the use making the pledge to try and contain communism.

where, and how did Stalin turn countries communist.

Hungary, Bulgaria, czech slovakia.

in Hungary, he arrested their government and implanted communist governors instead.

who replaced Roosevelt

Truman

whats the difference between isolationism and containment.

us wanting to avoid getting involved with other countries military conflicts, vs us wanting to stop or prevent countries from turning to communism.

what was the Marshall plan (1947)

the plan to provide aid to the whole of Europe if needed, Stalin thought the us were trying “dollar imperialism”- increased tension.

what did Stalin do to counteract the Marshall plan.

made his own version for communist countries in September 1947 called cominform.

when was the long telegram sent

February 1946 from George kennan, soviet responded by suggestion use wanted world domination.

what key events had increased tensions between the east and west by this point (1947)

• potsdam conference

• stalins buffer zone and trying to turn countries communist

• creating the cominform

• Us not telling Stalin about the atomic bombs

• Truman taking Roosevelts lace and altee talking Churchills place.

• iron curtain speech

• containment policy

what was the FRG

federal Republic of germany- west Germany- run by the USA 1949

what was the GDR

German democratic republic-east Germany- run by Stalin 1949

what was the Berlin blockade

when all trainlines and ways of transportation into west Berlin were cutt off by Stalin in attempt to stop the people from east evacuating there.

what was the Brain drain

al mechanics engineers and smart people becoming refugees from east berlin into West Berlin. This made stalin angry.

how did the allies respond to the berlin blockade

launched operation vittles- the berlin Airlift to get food and other resource into the west over the blockade.

when was the berlin blockade

24th of June 1948

when was the airlift

26th of June 1948

how long did the airlift last for/ blockade till it ws released

11 months (may 12th 1949)

what happened in result to the berlin blockade/airlift

Stalin looked weak and like an aggressor. east berlin looked bad as the people were forced to stay there. propaganda victory for the west.

why could Stalin not shoot the planes down going into berlin.

he would look like an aggressor and it would be an act of war.

bay of pigs

the USA planned operation to overthrow the cuban government and Castro in attempt to regain Cuba from communism. krushcev was supplying them nuclear weapons, and closing in a tight relation. This failed in April 1961 as Cuba wrestled aware that the usa was coming.

cuban missile crisis

In October 1962, an American U-2 spy plane secretly photographed nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviet Union on the island of Cuba.

this led to he naval blockade being launched around Cuba in October 1962 to stop weapons from reaching Cuba.

who replaced Stalin

krushchev

what was formed between uk, USA and France

trizonia

what was the currency

the deutschmark

consequence of berlin blockade

increased tensions between east and west

made stalin look agressive

good propaganda victory for the West.

when was krushchev secret speech to de idolise stalin

• February 1956: Khrushchev’s "Secret Speech" denounces Stalin, creating hope for reform.

when did students start to protest in Hungary about reforms

October 23rd 1956

when was Nagy appointed president

24th October 1956, to calm the hungarans and give in to what they wanted.

what did Nagy do as the leader

he put in reforms like free media and ordere4de the secret police from ussr out of Hungary.

what caused kruschev to invade Hungary

Nagy announcing on the 1st of November that Hungary leaving the warsaw3 pact. krushcev invaded on the 4th and sent 200,00 tanks.

what was the outcome/ consequence of the Hungarian uprising

July 1958: Imre Nagy is executed, and János Kádár takes power. 

reforms from krushcev are put back into place.

Hungary is more communist controlled.

other countries threatened to leave the Warsaw as the same would happen to them, this helped Khrushchev prove his point but Hungary made him look bad by going against his rules, he had to redeem himself.

Berlin Wall

the wall built and enforced by krushchev to separate east and west Germany as a result of his ultimatum request (November 1958) from the use to get out of Berlin.

when did the Berlin Wall start to be built.

• 13 Aug 1961 (Barbed Wire Sunday): East German troops seal the border with barbed wire and construct the first barriers.

• 17 Aug 1961: Construction of the permanent, concrete wall begins.

what big event happened in berlin from the usa in 1963

• June 1963: US President Kennedy visits Berlin, declaring "Ich bin ein Berliner".

why and when was the Berlin Wall taken down

massive public protests, economic instability in East Germany, and a misinformed announcement by East German official Günter Schabowski that allowed immediate travel to the West.

• 9 Nov 1989: The Wall is opened, and citizens begin tearing it down.

• 3 Oct 1990: Official reunification of Germany.

consequence of the Berlin Wall

made krushchev look way as he had to forcefully keep east Berliners in his country, separated families and husbands from wives.

what wa formed in 1949 April

NATO- North Atlantic treaty organisation.

when did the space race start

in 1952, by the ussr laucnching the first satellite and starting the two nations being in commotion to be the best in space.

what was the arms race

when one nation had something, the other ha to have something better quicker, and so on and so forth.

when and where were the 4 summits

• Geneva Conference (May 1959): ministers met to negotiate the status of Berlin; no significant agreement was reached.

• Camp David Summit (September 1959): President Eisenhower invited Soviet leader Khrushchev to the U.S. for discussions, resulting in a slightly better relationship and an agreement to meet again, temporarily pausing the ultimatum on Berlin.

• Paris Summit (May 1960): Cancelled after the Soviet Union shot down a U.S. U-2 spy plane, causing Khrushchev to walk out and creating a "collapse of negotiations".

• Vienna Summit (June 1961): President Kennedy met with Khrushchev, who renewed his ultimatum to take over West Berlin. Kennedy refused to concede, resulting in an intense stalemate. 

invasion of Czechoslovakia

started when people were unhappy about the living conditions and controlled standards in Czech.

consequences of the cuban missile crisis

1. Kennedy looked more powerful and respected.

2. castro was almost powerless and lost tight relation with ussr

3. relations between east and west calmed down slightly

4. The Moscow–Washington "Hotline" (1963): A direct teletype link (often referred to as a "telephone hotline") was established between the White House and the Kremlin. This was created to enable immediate, direct communication

5. The Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963): Signed in August 1963 by the USA, USSR, and Britain, this treaty banned nuclear weapons

6. The First Steps Toward Détente: The crisis marked the start of a period of better communication and a gradual "thaw" in U.S.-Soviet relations

importance of cuban misslile crisis

1. kruschev was asked to step down from position.

2. Cuba remained communist.

Prague springs

1968, dubec released this with new reforms to have free election and free media and free speech.

when did Warsaw invade Czech

in august 1968, Warsaw Pact forces/troops crossed the borders and quickly occupied Prague and other strategic locations, arresting Dubček and other reformist leaders.

was Czech aware of this attack?

no, they were not aware. 100 were killed.

what were the Warsaw troops told they were doing in Czech.

soviet leader Brezhnev lied and said they were stopping a rebelion in Czech because he wanted them to stop the increased lack of communism due to dubec and the reforms.

what was a consequence of the Czech invasion

1. more communist country

2. other countries were scared to rebel as this would likely happen to them as well

3. the new soviet leader looked powerful.

4. proved that the use was not willing to help, by risking a war with the ussr.

what was the Brezhnev doctrine and why was is introduced

it was introduced in 1968 after the invasion to justify it, and it was a list of rules that the Soviet Union had put into place to contain dn protect communism.

list some of the reforms from the Brezhnev doctrine:

1. Soviet Union had the right to invade any country ion the eastern bloc how were trying to have independance against communism.

2. any capitalistic country that interfered with communism countire4s would be fought with force by the Warsaw countries

3. enforced all communist countries to stay in the Warsaw pact.

4. it strengthenede communist control overall

5. made the usa scared of the Soviet Union.