Amnesia + implicit memory - Chapter 7

What are the two types of amnesia

• WHAT

• WHAT

What are the two types of amnesia

• Retrograde amnesia

• Anterograde amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

Poor memory for events that occurred BEFORE brain injury

Anterograde amnesia

Poor memory for events occurring AFTER the brain injury

Retrograde Amnesia

• Retro: WHAT

• Grade: WHAT

• Amnesia: WHAT

• The loss displays a gradient across time—memories that are more WHAT in time from the brain damage are WHAT impaired by the amnesia

Retrograde Amnesia

• Retro: BACKWARD

• Grade: GRADIANT

• Amnesia: the loss of memory or memory abilities caused by BRAIN DAMAGE or DISEASE.

• The loss displays a gradient across time—memories that are more DISTANT in time from the brain damage are LESS impaired by the amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

• Often seems more extensive because it disrupts WHAT from the time of the brain damage

• A WHAT-only memory

Anterograde amnesia

• Often seems more extensive because it disrupts LEARNING from the time of the brain damage

• A READ-only memory

Patient K. C.

• Suffered from a serious brain injury in the frontal regions in a motorcycle accident.

• Shows a complete loss of WHAT memory—keeps no
  WHAT knowledge.

• Cannot remember any WHAT events from both before or after his accident—has profound WHAT and WHAT amnesia.

• K. C.’s WHAT memory is intact.

• He cannot remember episodic events but can remember facts about some events (e.g., he could not remember that he had a brother but said that his brother’s funeral was sad because he knew that funerals are sad events).

• His WHAT memory is damaged, but his WHAT memory is not affected by the damaged parts of the brain

Patient K. C.

• Suffered from a serious brain injury in the frontal regions in a motorcycle accident.

• Shows a complete loss of EPISODIC memory—keeps no
  AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL knowledge.

• Cannot remember any PERSONAL EXPERIENCED events from both before or after his accident—has profound RETROGRADE and ANTEROGRADE amnesia.

• K. C.’s SEMANTIC memory is intact.

• He cannot remember episodic events but can remember facts about some events (e.g., he could not remember that he had a brother but said that his brother’s funeral was sad because he knew that funerals are sad events).

• His EPISODIC memory is damaged, but his SEMANTIC memory is not affected by the damaged parts of the brain

Patient H. M.

• Suffered from severe epileptic seizures.

• Had a part of his WHAT lobes and his WHAT in both the left and right hemispheres removed surgically.

• Outcome: pervasive WHAT amnesia.

• Unable to learn or recall anything WHAT.

• But memory of events before the surgery remains WHAT (no evidence for WHAT amnesia).

• He could talk about his childhood and family.

• He could explain the rules of baseball

• His I.Q. was not affected by the surgery.

• His language comprehension is normal, his vocabulary is above normal.

• However, any task that requires him to WHAT information across a delay shows severe impairment, especially the delay is filled with an interfering task.

• These impairments apply equally to nonverbal and verbal materials.

• Surgery had interfered with the process of storing WHAT memory but had not touched previously WHAT memories.

• What will happen when someone can only read, but not write anything on Long-term Memory?

• The researchers who worked with him for 40 years had to introduce themselves every time they met.

• He could hold a normal conversation but forgot the conversation in a minute or less.

• He kept talking about the same subject/event without knowing that he had already talked about it.

• H. M. became the research subject in hundreds of tasks, and he didn’t get bored!

• In his words, “every day is alone in itself.

Patient H. M.

• Suffered from severe epileptic seizures.

• Had a part of his TEMPORAL lobes and his HIPPOCAMPUS in both the left and right hemispheres removed surgically.

• Outcome: pervasive ANTEROGRADE amnesia.

• Unable to learn or recall anything NEW.

• But memory of events before the surgery remains INTACT (no evidence for RETROGRADE amnesia).

• He could talk about his childhood and family.

• He could explain the rules of baseball

• His I.Q. was not affected by the surgery.

• His language comprehension is normal, his vocabulary is above normal.

• However, any task that requires him to RETAIN information across a delay shows severe impairment, especially the delay is filled with an interfering task.

• These impairments apply equally to nonverbal and verbal materials.

• Surgery had interfered with the process of storing NEW memory but had not touched previously STORED memories.

• What will happen when someone can only read, but not write anything on Long-term Memory?

• The researchers who worked with him for 40 years had to introduce themselves every time they met.

• He could hold a normal conversation but forgot the conversation in a minute or less.

• He kept talking about the same subject/event without knowing that he had already talked about it.

• H. M. became the research subject in hundreds of tasks, and he didn’t get bored!

• In his words, “every day is alone in itself.

H. M.’s Implicit Memory

• H. M.’s performance on the mirror-drawing task showed a completely WHAT learning curve, with very few errors on the WHAT day of practice.

• On day 2 and 3, he did not WHAT ever having done the mirror- drawing task before

• H. M.’s WHAT memory is normal even though he had no WHAT (or WHAT) memory of having learned the drawing task that involved motor learning

• It suggests that motor learning is a type of WHAT memory that by-passes consciousness.

H. M.’s Implicit Memory

• H. M.’s performance on the mirror-drawing task showed a completely NORMAL learning curve, with very few errors on the THIRD day of practice.

• On day 2 and 3, he did not REMEMBER ever having done the mirror- drawing task before

• H. M.’s MOTOR memory is normal even though he had no CONSCIOUS (or EPISODIC) memory of having learned the drawing task that involved motor learning

• It suggests that motor learning is a type of IMPLICIT memory that by-passes consciousness.

In K.C

• Episodic memory = WHAT

• Semantic memory = WHAT

In K.C

• Episodic memory = Impaired

• Semantic memory = Intact

In H.M

• Explicit memory = WHAT

• Implicit memory = WHAT

• Episodic memory = WHAT

• Semantic memory = WHAT

In H.M

• Explicit memory = Impaired

• Implicit memory = Intact

• Episodic memory = impaired

• Semantic memory = Impaired

Explicit memory splits into

• WHAT

• WHAT

Explicit memory splits into

• Episodic

• Semantic

Episodic goes into

• WHAT

Episodic goes into

• Events

Semantic goes into

• WHAT

Semantic goes into

• Facts

Implicit splits into

• WHAT

• WHAT

• WHAT

• WHAT

Implicit splits into

• Procedural

• Priming

• Classical conditioning

• Non-associative learning

Procedural goes into

• WHAT

Procedural goes into

• Skills habits

Priming goes into

• WHAT

• WHAT

Priming goes into

• Perceptual

• Conceptual

Classical conditioning goes into

• WHAT

Classical conditioning goes into

• Associations between two stimuli

Non-associative learning goes into

• WHAT

• WHAT

Non-associative learning goes into

• Habituation

• Sensitization