Quals Theories Review

who developed psychoanalysis/drive theory?

Freud

in Freud's drive theory, what is the id?

biological instincts that function in the unconscious mind (sexual drives, aggressive impulses, pleasure seeking)

in Freud's drive theory, what is the ego?

the "reality principle" -- the ego mediates between the world and the drive within an individual and functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

in Freud's drive theory, what is the superego?

the superego represents standards and morality set by society

free association (relating feelings/fantasies spontaneously), neutrality, empathy, assessment of transference and countertransference, and relationships responses are techniques of which theory?

psychoanalytic

in Freud's drive theory, what are the two types of instincts?

eros (life instincts: self-preservation) and thanatos (death instincts: aggressive drive)

how does Freud believe anxiety arises?

from conflict between the id, ego, and superego

what are Freud's defense mechanisms?

repression, denial, reaction formation (acting on the opposite extreme), projection, displacement, sublimation (modifying an unacceptable drive into an acceptable behavior), rationalization, regression, identification (identifying with characteristics of others to reduce negative feelings about self), intellectualization

who created Jungian Analysis?

Carl Jung

which theory views individuals in wholeness and driven toward individuation as they increase their consciousness?

Jungian Analysis

this theory has 3 levels of consciousness: conscious, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious

Jungian Analysis

what are archetypes in Jungian analysis?

pathways from the collective unconscious to the conscious that represent ways of perceiving and structuring experiences that are common to all humans

what are symbols in Jungian analysis?

the outward expressions and content of archetypes

what are the goals of Jungian analysis?

foster individuation by bringing unconscious material into consciousness, aim to have the client resolve inner conflicts and develop a sense of wholeness

what are techniques involved in Jungian analysis?

assessments (word association, symptom analysis/hypnosis, assessment of the unconscious), assessment of transference and countertransference, active imagination

what are Jungian Analysis' 4 stages of therapy?

catharsis, elucidation/interpretation, education/social focus, and termination

who developed Adlerian therapy?

Alfred Adler

how does Adlerian therapy view human nature?

behavior is purposeful and goal-directed, ppl are unique, self-consistent, goal-directed, and responsible for their own fate, early life experiences are significant (personality forms in the first 5 years), psychological health is determined by social interest/contribution

what are key concepts in Adlerian therapy?

inferiority and superiority (which can result in inferiority and superiority complexes), birth order (perceived role in the family impacts one's development of style of life), social interest (3 stages: aptitude, ability, secondary dynamic characteristics)

what are Adlerian therapy's goals?

increase client's social interest, develop client's self-worth, challenge self-defeating behaviors, and help the client gain awareness of their style of life and recognize faulty logic, promoting changes within their lifestyle

what are techniques in Adlerian therapy?

spitting in the client's soup, push-button technique, avoiding the tar baby, paradoxical intention, catching oneself

what are the stages of Adlerian therapy?

establish relationship and set goals, assessment and analysis, insight, reorientation, reinforcement/evaluation/termination/follow-up

who developed person-centered therapy?

Carl Rogers

what are the 5 main tasks of life in Adlerian therapy?

love, occupation, society, self-development, and spiritual development

how does existential theory view human nature?

existence precedes essence and humans are born without a predetermined purpose and have to define themselves throughout their lives; humans have freedom and responsibility (we are free to make our own decisions but they have to accept the consequences for that choice)

who are important contributors to existential theory?

Soren Kierkegaard, Irvin Yalom, Victor Frankl, Rollo May

what are key concepts in existential theory?

existential guilt (when we make choices, we have existential guilt over the possibilities we did not select), meaning and meaninglessness, self-transcendence, being in the world (being present, conscious, and aware of one's own existence)

what is existential anxiety?

normal anxiety is called existential anxiety and gives us opportunity to confront existential dilemmas

what is neurotic anxiety/guilt according to existential theory?

anxiety that's blown out of proportion for given situation, results in a failure to make meaning and typically results in depression

what is isolation according to existential theory?

both interpersonal and intrapersonal aloneness

according to existential theory, what are the potentials of the human condition?

awareness (of self and world), authenticity, freedom and responsibility, actualization, making meaning

what are the goals of existential therapy?

accept freedom and responsibility, live more authentically by facing the anxiety of existence, find personal meaning, value, and purpose in life, address issues like loneliness, addiction, or anxiety by understanding choices

how should the therapeutic relationship look in existential therapy?

loving ("I-thou"), alive and fully present throughout entire process

what is resistance in the existential therapy's relationship?

the client not taking responsibility, alienated/unaware of their feelings; way of dealing w inaccurate view of self or world

who developed Gestalt therapy?

Perls

how does Gestalt therapy view human nature?

views humans as basically good, having an innate drive toward actualization, and as having the capacity to cope with our lives but sometimes needing help; also viewed individuals wholistically and viewed a whole individual as more than just the sum of their behaviors

what is field, figure, and ground in Gestalt psychology?

World around us is the ground or background of our lives, elements come to the forefront and become figures depending on our needs. When figures are unclear or incomplete, they're forced into a background that may be distracting to the individual; can never be a complete figure

what are key concepts in Gestalt therapy?

the here-and-now (immediate experiences and emotions rather than the past or future), unfinished business (unexpressed emotions from past that are getting in the way of present functioning), responsibility (encourages ownership of feelings), paradoxical theory of change (growth occurs when individuals accept themselves as they are in the present rather than striving for who they can be)

what are the goals in Gestalt therapy?

client becomes fully aware of themselves and their body/feelings/environment/experiences/needs/skills/sensations/power to care for oneself/actions and their consequences/fantasies, client lives in the here-and-now, develop a sense of integration and balance in life, process unfinished business and access inner resources, develop meaningful contact between self, environment, and others

techniques focused on enhancing awareness within Gestalt therapy are ____

statements and questions, emphasis through repetition of exaggeration, language usage emphasizing choice and responsibility, empty chair

Gestalt theory believes that contact is the means for changing oneself and one's experience of the world. What are the levels of contact?

5 layers of neurosis: phony (inauthentic communication), phobic (avoiding emotional/psychological pain), impasse (afraid to change), implosive (awareness of feeling), and explosive (authentic)

what are contact boundaries in Gestalt therapy?

how one connects to or separates from other people or objects

what are contact boundary disturbances in Gestalt therapy?

occur when boundaries between yourself and others becomes more vague or is disturbed; common disturbances include introjection, projection, retroflection, deflection, and confluence

Who influenced the creation of behavioral therapy?

Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, E.L. Thorndike, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura

how does behavior therapy view human nature?

behavior is learned (acquired through modeling, conditioning, and reinforcement), behavior has purpose, behavior determines our thoughts, emotions, habits, etc.

what is positive reinforcement in behavior therapy?

adding a desirable stimulus (praise) to increase the frequency of a behavior

what is negative reinforcement in behavior therapy?

removing an undesirable stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior

what is positive punishment in behavior therapy?

adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior

what is negative punishment in behavior therapy?

removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior

besides positive/negative reinforcement and positive/negative punishment, what are other key concepts of behavior therapy?

shaping (reinforcing parts of a behavior to inch closer to desired behavior), extinction, discrimination (responding differently to stimuli based on cues or antecedent events), generalization (applying a conditioned response to similar stimuli)

what are the goals of behavior therapy?

get rid of maladaptive behaviors and replace them with adaptive ones, change target behaviors (behaviors that can be clearly defined and conceptualized)

what are the therapeutic stages in behavior therapy?

1. describe the problem

2. establish a baseline frequency/duration/severity of the behavior

3. develop SMART goals

4. develop strategies to implement change

5. implement the plan

6. assess progress and evaluate success

7. reinforce successes

8. make maintenance plans

what are some behavior therapy techniques?

systematic desensitization, imaginal flooding, modeling, EMDR, DBT

who developed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?

Albert Ellis

how does REBT view human nature?

ppl have innate worth simply by being alive, ppl are fallible and will make mistakes, people are neither good nor bad, biology/early life experiences/societal influences shape thinking but individuals perpetuate their beliefs, ppl are holistic and goal-directed

what is responsible hedonism in REBT?

seeking pleasure and avoiding pain, in reference to maintain happiness/pleasure long-term by avoiding short-term pleasures that lead to pain

what are key concepts in REBT?

rational and irrational thinking (everyone has the capacity for both), cognitive distortions, unconditional acceptance (Accepting that we're flawed and have both rational and irrational beliefs, but we have the capacity to change those), ABCDEs of feeling and behavior (activating event, irrational belief, consequence of belief, disputation of belief, effective belief)

what are the three core irrational beliefs according to Ellis?

1. I must be approved of by everyone

2. others must always treat me fairly

3. life must be easy and comfortable

what are techniques of REBT?

cognitive approaches: disputing, cost-benefit analysis, coping self-statements

emotive techniques: imagery, shame-attacking exercises, forceful self-statements, and forceful self-dialogue

behavioral techniques: activity hw, skill training, reinforcement and penalties

what are the goals of REBT?

minimize emotional disturbances, decrease self-defeating behaviors, change irrational beliefs to think more rationally, become more self-actualized

who developed cognitive therapy (CBT)?

Aaron Beck

how does CBT view human nature?

genetics/biology/experiences shape core beliefs, ppl have genetic and evolutionary predispositions toward emotional responses, core beliefs are often dormant until they're triggered by stress and result in cognitive distortions with real emotional/psychological/physiological responses

what are the key concepts in CBT?

core beliefs/schemas (deeply rooted beliefs ab ourselves, others, and the world), intermediate beliefs (what happens between core beliefs and automatic thoughts (rules and assumptions we make)), automatic thoughts (thoughts that occur in response to a trigger)

how does the therapeutic relationship look in CBT?

collaborative, flexible, counselor as expert, specific and goal-oriented, shared responsibility for change

what are the goals of CBT?

remove biases and distortions in thinking to produce more effective functioning, specify goals clearly and concretely, prioritize goals and develop them in collaboration w the client, produce positive feelings/behaviors/thinking

what are the three levels of changing schemas in CBT?

schema reinterpretation, schema modification, schematic restructuring

what are some techniques of CBT?

Socratic dialogue, three question technique (1. what is the evidence for the belief? 2. how else can you interpret the situation? 3. if it is true, what are the implications?), specifying automatic thoughts, hw

who developed reality therapy?

William Glasser, collaborated with G.L. Harrington

how does reality therapy view human nature?

problems originate in childhood, past issues are expressed in the present, people are self-determining, all behavior is purposeful and directed toward meeting 1 of 5 basic needs (survival, belonging, power, freedom, fun/enjoyment), everyone's reality is different due to perception and all needs are met through our perceptions

what are key concepts in reality therapy?

locus of control (how much power one perceives themself having in a given situation), total behavior (key to change is being able to change what you're doing and how you're thinking), mental illness is a result of a failure to meet 1 of the 5 basic needs in an effective way, quality worlds (what we envision/want for ourselves), WDEP

what are the goals of reality therapy?

help ppl meet their 5 basic needs in healthy ways, client determines their wants and counselor determines how behaviors, doing, thinking, feeling, & physiology are helping clients realize their wants

what is the therapeutic process in reality therapy?

WDEP

W — exploring wants

D — exploring direction and doing

E — exploring evaluation of behavior, wants, and choices

P — plan for change

how does the therapeutic relationship look within reality therapy?

counselor doesn't criticize, argue w, or punish client but no excuses for failure to follow through on plans are accepted, positive relationship is essential

how does person-centered therapy view human nature?

each individual is unique, capable, and autonomous, individuals tend to move toward self-actualization/becoming fully functioning

key concepts in person-centered therapy

conditions of worth, conditional regard, the fully functioning person, congruency

what are conditions of worth?

the process of evaluating one's own experience based on the beliefs/values of others

what is conditional regard in person-centered therapy?

offering acceptance/love/support only when specific standards/expectations are met

what is the fully functioning person in person-centered therapy?

ppl meet their need for positive regard from others and have positive regard for themselves; they experience an optimal level of psychological functioning

what is congruency in person-centered therapy?

the alignment between a person's inner experience and outward expression of themselves; being their real self without a facade

what does the therapeutic relationship look like in person-centered therapy?

counselor provides unconditional positive regard and acceptance, is warm/genuine/empathetic, and non-directive

what are the goals of person-centered therapy?

client moves in a self-directed manner to increase self awareness and become less concerned w pleasing or meeting the expectations of others, help individuals become congruent and self-accepting

what are techniques of person-centered therapy?

silence, reflection of feeling/content, exploring contradictions