AP PSYCH QUIZ #9

Implicit Attitude            

an unthinking knee-jerk response operating below the radar, leaving us unaware of how our attitudes are influencing our behavior.

False-Consensus Effect

a cognitive bias where people overestimate the extent to which their own opinions, beliefs, and behaviors are shared by others.

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Mere Exposure Effect

the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them.

Just-World Phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Social Loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Central Route Persuasion       

occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments.

Ethnocentrism

the tendency to view our own ethnic or racial group as superior.

Superordinate Goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Peripheral Route Persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness. 

Bystander Effect    

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Outgroup Homogeneity Bias         

The tendency to view members of one's own group (ingroup) as diverse individuals, while perceiving members of other groups (outgroup) as similar, "all the same," or interchangeable.

Diffusion of Responsibility

individuals in a group are less likely to take action or feel personal accountability because they assume others will act.

Dispositional Attribution

the tendency to explain behavior based on internal characteristics like personality, temperament, or beliefs, rather than external factor.

Foot-In-The-Door

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Door-In-The-Face

a persuasion strategy where a large, likely-to-be-rejected request is made first, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request (the target goal).    

Social Facilitation

in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks.    

Cognitive Dissonance

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.

Halo Effect

a person's positive initial impression of someone—often based on physical attractiveness or one desirable trait—colors their entire perception of that individual, causing them to assume the person possesses other positive traits.

Self-Serving Bias

a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

Actor-Observer Bias

the tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, but for observers to attribute others’ behavior to internal causes. 

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. (focuses on our explanations for others’ behavior).

Social Reciprocity Norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help.