Anthro Final

What is Prevention Through Deterrence, and what were its intended and actual effects?

It was the increased enforcement and presence of ICE at urban sites. The goal was to make it impossible to enter there and move the immigrants towards rural areas. This made migration less visible, moving death and suffering out of public view/scrutiny

How does the physical environment function as an instrument of state enforcement?

natural barriers (mountains, deserts, etc.) served as an immigration policy, deterring border crossings by denying necessities (remote areas cut migrants off from food, water), exposing migrants to extreme conditions (temperature, especially), this gave PTD plausible deniability, nature was at fault, not the government

What kinds of hierarchies structure life and work on California berry farms?

Agricultural labor is organized through ethnicity, citizenship, and labor. Anglo/Japanese Americans = top, indigenous Mexicans = bottom, this means Anglo/japanese americans get the easier jobs (apple picking) and indigenous mexican (triqui) workers get the harder jobs (strawberries)

What does Holmes mean by "de facto apartheid," and what evidence supports that claim?

he means that race largely determines role in agricultural work- refrence apple/strawberry picking

How do workers themselves understand and navigate these hierarchies?

this workers usually attribute these hierarchies to dated claims which say that they are short and “fit” for these jobs. They take pride in this kind of work bu they end up displaying serious health problems due to strain, stress and exposure.

Martin argues that even scientific language carries cultural assumptions — what is her core argument, and what examples does she use?

Her core argument is that scientific language in biology and medicine reflects gender stereotypes, and descriptions of reproduction are gendered. Science teaches no just the objective but also cultural ideas about gender, suggests that we use cyber netic model (which has both partners working equally)

What assumptions underlie the idea of "saving" Muslim women, and why does Abu-Lughod find them problematic?

This assumes that these women are oppressed and did not choose the veil, which leads oppressed groups to get oppressed more and makes the women a damsel unable to decide what she wants

What alternative frameworks does she propose for understanding women's lives across cultural contexts?

She suggests that we recognize our role in global inequalities, don’t imagine ourselves as rescuers of women from oppressive cultures, don’t use the language of saving as it obscures power, and ensure that it is understood that freedom and justice can mean different things across cultures.

How do advertisements produce and reinforce harmful gender norms, according to Killing Us Softly 4?

What is Philippe Aries’ argument about the idea of childhood in Medieval Europe?

He argues that childhood did not exist until modernity; it is a cultural phenomenon that developed in Western Europe. Medieval children were not seen as fundamentally different (only 50% became adults). Children only seen as part of family after infancy

Under what historical conditions did the modern concept of childhood emerge?

industrialization moved extended families into nuclear ones which placed children at center and the development of child labor laws and requirement of school created childhood as a distinct part of life

What does Berman's Marshall Islands case reveal about how childhood is produced through language and social interaction?

It revealed that language has age-based hierarchies. These hierarchies are complex and represent childhood as a distinct part of life.

In Durham's Botswana case, what does it take to be recognized as an adult, and why is biological age insufficient?

It takes holding a stable job, marrying, having an independent household, building a house, being able to support a family, speak publicly. Biological age is insufficient because there is a different cultural understanding of age in Botswana-it’s not based on school ages but rather responsibilities.

What do these three cases together reveal about the cultural construction of life stages?

These reveal that even childhood and age have cultural conceptions and are not as set in stone as we may believe.

What is structural violence, and how does it operate in the Brazilian favelas Scheper-Hughes studied?

Structural violence is violence that is rooted in systems of oppression, laws

How do mothers in conditions of extreme poverty relate to child death, and what explains this according to Scheper-Hughes?

What historical legacies does Ralph argue are embedded in present-day police violence?

How are these continuities reflected in racial disparities in police killings?

What roles do fear, media, historical violence, and economic inequality play in Moore's argument?

What was the Human Terrain System and how did it function?

What were the main critiques from within the anthropological community of the HTS?

What does Açıksöz mean when he describes war as both destructive and generative?

How do disabled veterans in Turkey navigate their identity and their relationship to the state?

What is the connection between their experiences and ultranationalist politics?