Unit 1: Exploration and Colonization

What laid the foundations for modern multicultural America?

Columbus's voyages set off a chain of events that brought together the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas, which caused the interaction among the people of these three continents.

Christopher Columbus

Columbus was an Italian, who sailed for Spain in 1492, seeking a water route to Asia by sailing to the West across the Atlantic Ocean. His voyage started the process of interaction between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

What did Columbus discover?

Even though Columbus did not discover a water route to Asia, his voyage started the process of interaction between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

What were the three ships that were apart of Columbus' voyage?

The Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria

What tribe did Columbus meet when he arrived in San Salvador?

Columbus met Taino Native Americans on San Salvador.

What were the three Spanish reasons for exploration and colonization?

GOLD, GOD, GLORY

colonization

The establishment of distant settlements controlled by the parent country

What did Columbus call the native inhabitants?

"Los Indios" = Indians

After Columbus' initial voyage, what else did the Spanish fund?

3 more voyages funded, colonization started on Hispaniola (Dominican Republic/Haiti)

What was the impact on the Native Americans?

- colonization

- military force used to subjugate/control native populations

- plantation system used with forced labor tactics

- Native American resistance - included armed defense of lands, and revolts after defeat and colonization began

- Spanish response - brutal military force

- Disease took its toll on native populations b/c they had no immunity to them- measles, mumps, chicken pox, smallpox, and typhus

When the slave trade began, who were the first slaves?

The natives were the first slaves, however, disease killed the natives, which made the natives an unreliable work force.

Who became the alternative slave labor?

The Africans

Why did the Africans become a desirable labor force?

They were able to resist disease.

What became a key part of new Amer. economic system?

The Trans-Atlantic slave trade

How many slaves were taken via the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?

12 million people taken from Africa by early 1800s

Results of colonization

o merchants - make money

o monarchs - increased power and influence

o common people - new place to settle and work

o mass migrations resulted across the Atlantic

Columbian Exchange

The movement of new plants and animals across the Atlantic between the Americas and Europe and Africa. (SEE PAGE 29 for MAP)

What items were new to Europe and Africa?

Tobacco, corn, tomato, potato, squash, peanut, pumpkin, peppers, turkeys

What items were new to Americas?

Diseases, cattle, sheep, pig, chickens, horses, wheat, rice, sugar cane, coffee

Who were the European rivalries?

Spain vs Portugal

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494):

The pope divided Western Hemisphere between the 2 countries - East of line (Brazil) = Portugal, West of line (rest of the Americas) = Spain

How did the Europeans (English, French, and Dutch) respond to the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Ignored by the English, French, and Dutch - started colonizing anyway

What was the Spanish influence during the 1500s and 1600s?

the Spanish conquered Central and portions of North and South America. This led to the heavy influence of Spanish language, religion, and architecture in the Americas.

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers and conquerors who took over parts of the Americas for Spain.

Hernando Cortez

He conquered the Aztecs.

Who was Pizzaro?

He conquered the Incas.

Juan Ponce de Leon

An explorer who discovered Florida

Who was Coronado?

An explorer who discovered the American southwest

Mestizo

Many Spanish men married Native women (mestizo = mixed Spanish and Native American

The encomienda system

Spanish forced native populations to work on farms, ranches, and in mines for Spanish landlords - eventually abolished

New Spain

After the defeat of the Aztecs, it was a Spanish colony. Its capital was Mexico City.

What was the Pueblo Revolt (Pope's Rebellion) 1680?

A revolt against the Spanish, lasted for 14 years - Spain won, but instituted major changes.

Why did Spain's power decline after 1588?

A defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Why did the English Puritans come to North America?

Seeking freedom from religious persecution Europe, beginning in 1620.

What is a Separatists/Pilgrims?

Church members who wanted to break away completely from the Church of England and came to New England on the Mayflower.

What is the Mayflower Compact?

Before leaving the ship, all pilgrim men signed an agreement to create a civil government based on English law

What was significant about the Mayflower Compact?

The big step toward democratic government in America

o Established the Plymouth Colony (2nd permanent English settlement)

Who are the Puritans?

Church members who wanted to "purify" or reform the Church of England (aka Anglican Church) by getting rid of all Roman Catholic practices

Who is John Winthrop?

First leader of the Puritans that established the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Wanted to establish a "City upon a Hill." = Boston

• "For we must consider that we shall be seen as a City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are upon us."

What are 4 points about the Puritans?

o Goal - establish a new society where they could practice their religion free from persecution

o a right to vote in Massachusetts based on being male and church membership - legislature was called the General Court

o lack of division between church and state - gov't and laws based on Puritan vision

o much better organized than Jamestown - entire families moved over, not just individual laborers

What did Roger Williams believe?

o believed the following -

English had no claim to land unless they bought it from Native Americans

Called for separation of church and state - thought that people should be able to practice their own religious views

o Founded colony of Rhode Island, with Providence as the capital

Founding based on religious freedom and separation of church and state

Who was Anne Hutchinson?

o She taught lessons from the Bible -

women were not allowed to do this

she thought people could interpret Bible for themselves

o Banished from Massachusetts, moved to Rhode Island and later New York

Why did the Native Americans resist colonial expansion?

- Native Americans did NOT believe people owning land - it belonged to all for communal use

- European settlers believed in private ownership of land = conflict

What was the background of the Native Americans resistance to colonial expansion?

- background - Massachusetts settlers moved into new areas and set up colonies in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire - led to resistance from Native Americans

What was the Pequot War (1637) Connecticut?

o Pequots revolted against English - nearly wiped out

o Massacre at Mystic - brutal extermination tactics used

What was the King Philip's War (1675) - all over New England?

o Wampanoag's Chief Metacom revolted against English settlers

o English won, displayed Metacom's head in Plymouth for 20 years

What was the significance of the King Philip's War?

End of Native American resistance in New England.

What was the first permanent settlement in North America?

Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.

What is the Big Picture of Jamestown?

Jamestown almost failed due to disease and starvation, but ultimately succeeded due to John Smith's leadership and tobacco's profitability

Joint-Stock Companies

Funded and maintained the first English colonies through private investment and with charters from the English gov't.

When was the Virginia Company founded?

Founded Jamestown in 1607.

What were the problems with the Joint-Stock Companies?

o Everyone looking for gold and profit

o Disease from bad water

o Starvation - too many people looking for gold, not enough planting crops

o Relations with the Powhatan Indians = tense at best

o "Starving Time" = winter of 1609-1610

What were the successes with the Joint-Stock Companies?

- The Successes -

o New settlers arrived at perfect time

o Tobacco - "Brown Gold" - introduced by John Rolfe in 1612

o Headright System

o Indentured Servant

o Established the House of Burgesses (1619)

Headright System

Solved labor issues = 50 acres for any plantation owner who paid for passage of a laborer, who then became an indentured servant in return, immigration expanded significantly

Indentured Servant

Person whose passage to America was paid in full, plus food and shelter upon arrival, in trade for 4-7 years of labor, then received freedom.

When did African slavery take over as the primary form of labor in VA (late 1600's)?

When indentured servants numbers declined.

What is the House of Burgess (1619)?

Virginia's colonial legislature, first representative body in North America.

Why did the Settlers clash with the Native Americans?

- relations with American Indians got worse over time

- no intermarriage like the Spanish

- colonists wanted more land for tobacco, Native Americans resisted

- 1622 - Opechancanough's revolt - wiped out 1/3 of VA settlers, plus company was in debt, King James revoked the company's charter

- 1624 - VA = royal colony -

What is the Royal Colony = 1624 - VA?

A colony under the direct control of the king

How did the Rich differ from the Poor?

o Wealthy "cavalier" planters in Eastern VA - had tons of land and money, represented by Governor Berkeley

o former indentured servants in Western VA and frontier - no land, no money, no protection from Natives, represented by Nathaniel Bacon

o Bacon's Rebellion

What was the Bacon's Rebellion?

Poor whites in west (including former indentured servants) revolted against VA gov't.

Why did poor white revolt against the Virginia government?

resented lack of protection from Native Americans

resented lack of representation in the House of Burgesses

revolted and marched on and burned Jamestown

Bacon died, Berkeley took over

What was significant Bacon's Rebellion?

Led to more planters to chose African slaves over indentured servants b/c revolt was less likely.

Who settled New Netherland (New York)?

The Dutch settled it.

Who settled Pennsylvania?

English Quakers led by William Penn settled it.

Who is Henry Hudson?

An Englishman who sailed for the Dutch up the Hudson River in NY.

What was New Netherland?

Colony established for economic reasons - fur trade.

What is New Amsterdam?

Capital (aka Manhattan = New York City)

Who took over New Jersey from the Swedes?

The Dutch took it over.

What did the Dutch do when they couldn't get enough settlers?

It opened the colony up to different types of people:

Dutch, German, French Huguenots (Protestants), Jews, Scandinavians, Africans (both slave and free).

What type of relationships did the Native Americans have with the Dutch?

Better relations with Native Americans than the English b/c of the fur trade.

What did the Duke of York (English) do?

Conquered the Dutch colony, renamed it New York 1664.

What did the Duke of York own and what did he do with it?

He was the proprietor or owner of New York, but gave away New Jersey to his friends.

Who were the Quakers?

Protestant group devoted to equality, cooperation, and religious tolerance.

o services without ministers, plain dress, pacifists (against war)

Who was William Penn?

Founder and proprietor of Pennsylvania - the "Holy Experiment"

What is the capital of Pennsylvania at the time of William Penn?

Phildelphia

What are the characteristics of Pennsylvania's William Penn?

o All settlers promised 50 acres of land, right to vote

o Freedom of religion

o Delaware eventually an off-shoot of PA

Why were the relations with Native Americans generally good?

Penn showed respect for them.

What did Penn need in Pennsylvania?

- needed more settlers - opened up to diverse group

o Quakers, Germans, Dutch, and French

Who founded Maryland?

Founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics.

What is the Act of Toleration?

Led to religious freedom in MD for a while

How were the Carolinas founded?

Land granted to King Charles II's friends, south of VA

o Plantation system emerged in South Carolina, very wealthy

Who founded Georgia?

Founded by James Oglethorpe as a haven for debtors (people in debt)

o Also served as buffer with Florida (controlled by the Spanish)

Who prospered under a mutually beneficial trade relationshiop?

England and its largely self-governing colonies.

What is Mercantilism?

Economic philosophy of England - to acquire more gold and silver than other nations.

How was Mercantilism used by the English? 3 reasons

o Become self-sufficient

o To maintain a favorable balance of trade (export more than you import)

o Colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country

Colonies provide raw materials to England - ex: lumber, furs, fish, tobacco

England provides manufactured goods to the colonies - ex: furniture, utensils, books, china

What was the Colonial economy per region? 3 Regions

New England- Shipbuilding, lumber, fishing

Middle- furs, shoes, wheat

Southern - tobacco, rice, indigo

What were the Navigation Acts?

A series of laws that regulated and restricted colonial trade, caused some resentment from colonists.

How were goods from the colonies transported?

On British ships.

Where did Goods from the colonies had to first be shipped?

England

What was the Dominion of New England?

New England colonies were grouped together with New York and New Jersey under one royal governor, Sir Edmond Andros

How did the colonist feel about the Dominion of New England?

Resented by the colonist.

What was the Glorious Revolution?

William and Mary were named co-monarchs, replacing James II.

What occurred with the creation of the Glorious Revolution?

o Dominion of New England was dissolved

o England focused more on France than on the colonies

What was the Salutary Neglect?

England did NOT strictly enforce its mercantilist policies

What was the result of Salutary Neglect? 3 Reasons

o The navigation acts were largely ignored by the colonists

o Colonial legislatures were more powerful than the royal governors

o Colonists were still very loyal to England

What is a cash crop?

Agricultural product grown for sale rather than for a farmer's own use

o ex: tobacco in MD and VA, rice and indigo in SC

What was the result of the South having cash crops?

Self-sufficient plantations developed in the southern colonies along navigable rivers, lack of towns or cities in the South.

What was common in the southern colonies?

Ethnic diversity

o Germans settled in MD, VA, and SC

o Scots-Irish settled in western VA and NC - especially in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains

What was a majority of the Southern population?

Small farmers, but plantation owners controlled most of the power.