AP Bio Unit 8 (2)

innate behavior

an inherited behavior that does not depend on the environment or experience

taxis response

directional movement in response to a stimulus

Positive taxis response

Moves towards the stimulus

Negative taxis response

Moves away from the stimulus

Learned Behavior

a behavior that has been learned from experience or observation

Habituation

When an organism decreases or stops its response to a repetitive, irrelevant stimulus

Endotherms

Warm-blooded animals and have a high metabolic rate. Can use metabolic energy to generate their body heat

Ectotherms

Cold-blooded animals and slower metabolic rate. Cannot use heat from their metabolism to maintain body heat

What organism's temperatue varies depending on the environment?

Ectotherms

Autotrophs

Can synthesize their own food from inorganic molecules

Photoautotrophs

Process of photosynthesis which uses the energy from the sun to power the formation of organic molecules

Chemoautotrophs

Use energy derived from oxidation of certain chemicals

Heterotrophs

Cannot make their own food and digest other organisms instead

Detritivores and saprotrophs

Types of heterotrophs that decompose and recycle matter in an ecosystem

What does metabolic rate depend on?

The size of an organism

Which organisms have a higher metabolic rate?

Smaller organisms

What organisms have a lower SA:V ratio?

Larger organisms

What organisms must eat more to maintain their metabolic rate and body heat?

Smallet organisms

What is the main molecule used to make energy (ATP)?

Carbohydrates

Trophic level

The specific position an organism occupies within a food chain, food web, or ecological pyramid

10% rule

Energy is transferred between trophic levels in an ecosystem, only about 10% of that energy is stored as flesh and passed to the next level

What happens to the rest of the energy in between trophic levels?

The other 90% is lost as heat in the environment

What are the populations like at the top of the energy period?

Those populations are smaller

What happens as one moves up the pyramid?

Energy is lost

Food webs and food chains

Show interactions between different organisms in the ecosystem

What do the arrows indicate in food webs/chains?

the flow of energy

What is always the start of the energy pyramid?

Producers

Primary consumers

eat the producers

Secondary consumers

eat the primary consumers

Tertiary consumers

eat secondary consumers

Quartnery consumers

eat tertiary consumers

Population

A group of organisms of the same species in the same area

Community

Groups of populations (with numerous species) within a given area

Ecosystems

All communities and abiotic factors

How can populations increase?

Through birth and migration

How can populations decrease?

through death and emigration

What causes the population to grow exponentially?

When reproduction occurs without constraints

Biotic potential

Maximal growth rate for a given population

Limiting factors

Limit growth in a population

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size of a species that a specific environment can sustainably support over time without degrading the habitat

Exponential growth

Where a population increases by a constant percentage per unit of time

What populations is exponential growth seen in?

in populations that are very small or have a lot of resources

When is the exponential growth formula used?

when carrying capacity is not given or asked

Logistic growth

occurs when a population's growth rate slows as it approaches the carrying capacity of its environment, due to limited resources

What type of curve does logisitic growth form?

An S-shaped curve

When is the logistic growth formula used?

when carrying capacity is given or asked

Density dependent factors

Depend on the density of a population. The more dense a population is the greater the effects these factors have

What factor tends to be biotic?

Density dependent factors

Examples of density dependent factors?

Competition (food, water, mates, habitat, etc.), Predation, Parasitism, Disease

Density independent factors

Don't depend on the density of a population and can affect the population regardless of the size

What factor tends to be abiotic?

Density independent factors

Examples of density independent factors

Sunlight, Natural disasters, Water, Human activity

What does the simpson's diversity index measure?

biodiversity by accounting for both species richness and evenness

Species richness

How many different species are present in a community

Species evenness

The relative abundance and distribution of the species

Niche

An organism's role and place within its ecosystem

Competition

What ae interactions between species like?

Positive, negative, or neutral

intraspecific competition

When organisms within the same species compete for resources

Interspecific competition

When organisms in different species compete for resources

In intraspecific competition what happens when organisms share a similar niche?

They may divide their resources to help reduce competition

In interspecific competition what happens when organisms share a similar niche?

In interspecific competition, two species don't divide resources in a niche leading to competition

Competitive exclusion

Species will out-compete each other for resources

Predator-prey relationships

The predator relies on the prey as a food source and their population sizes are linked

What happens if the prey populations decrease?

So will predator populations

Symbiosis

Close and long term interactions between two different species

Mutualistic relationship

Both organisms benefit

Commensalistic relationship

One organism benefits while the other in unaffected

Parasitic relationship

One organism benefits while the other is harmed

What are the aspects of biodiversity?

Genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity

Genetic diversity

The diversity of alleles in a population

Species diversity

The diversity of species within an ecosystem

Ecosystem diversity

The diversity of different habitats and other resources

What does greater biodiversity mean?

There is a higher change that organisms, populations, and ecosystems that have adaptations/features that increase survival

What does lower biodiversity risk?

A high risk of extinction

Keystone species

Species that have a larger than average impact on the diversity of their ecosystem

What happens when the keystone species is removed?

There are effects from the top of the food chain down

Invasive species

Species that are introduced to an ecosystem outside their original range

Generalist species

Survive in a variety of habitats and outcompete native species fo resources

What are traits of invasive species?

They have the ability to cause harm to that ecosystem, they lack a predator and other limiting factors, they reproduce more quickly and become more aggressive

What are affects of invasive species?

They can cause damage to the ecosystem and potential extinction of native species

Climate change

Burning of fossil fuels which disrupt the normal carbon cycl

Habitat destruction

Logging and deforestation, urbanization, agriculture, etc

Invasive species

Introduction of non-native species and non-native diseases

Pollution

Air, water, terrestrial, tragedy of the commons

Population

Human population growth

Overexploitations

Over using any type of resource

greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

Ocean acidification

There is an increase of CO2 in the ocean

Eutrophication

A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae (depletes oxygen)

Water cycle

The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back

Reservoirs of the water cycle

Oceans, surface water, atmosphere, organisms

Evaporation

from liquid to gas

condensation

from gas to liquid

precipitation

all solid and liquid water that falls from the clouds

Transpiration

evaporation from plants

How is water returned to the atmosphere?

evaporation and transpiration

How does water go from the atmosphere into the land/oceans?

precipitation

How does water go from the ground into the oceans?

Runoff and percolation

Percolation

The downward movement of water through soil and rock due to gravity.

Carbon Cycle

The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again