Bozeman and Pogil Cell Communication

example of a system that commonly uses no distance communication

immune system

example of a system that commonly uses short distance communication

nervous system

example of a system that commonly uses long distance communication

endocrine system

the receptor is specific to

the shape of the ligand

type of signaling occurring in a single molecule

autocrine

type of signaling occurring between two cells touching

juxtacrine

type of signaling occurring between two cells near each other

paracrine

type of signaling occurring between two cells far away from each other

endocrine

How might scientists use cellular communication systems to show evolutionary relatedness between species?

the more similar the systems of cell communication, the closer the common ancestor

Why would a receptor protein on the cell membrane would not be needed for lipid ligands (such as hormones) to activate a response in a cell?

lipids are non-polar, so they can travel through the membrane

stimuli that might cause a cell to release a ligand and begin communication between cells

temperature, pH, touch, light, stress

Chemical responsible for fight or flight response

epinephrine

What is signal transmission?

chemicals that move through your body

2 types of signal transmission?

intercellular and intracellular

What does the liver contain and in what form?

glucose, glycogen

Where does the message come from in the body to start the fight or flight response?

adrenal gland

When epinephrine binds to the protein receptor, what happens to the protein?

changes shape

What is the result of the shape change of the receptor?

adds energy- acts as an enzyme to make cAMP from ATP

How is cAMP made from ATP?

through the activation of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase

Where does the cAMP go?

to another protein

What happens to catalytic proteins?

activates phosphorylates

How many glucose molecules can one epinephrine molecule activate?

billions

What is removed from cell function signal transmission when doing gene expression instead?

removing the protein

In gene expression, you are adding the ___________ and adding one more __________ called ________

DNA, chemical, creb

What does the catalytic protein do differently in gene expression?

activates creb

creb is a __________, so it adds to ________ which allows ___________ to grab on and make _____________ to make a new protein

transcription factor, DNA, RNA polymerase, messenger RNA

What is the new protein called?

phosphotase

What is the function of phosphotase?

break down of glycogen

What is the overall purpose of signal transduction/ transmission?

we can receive a signal to make stuff happen

Does the signal transduction pathway occur inside or outside the cell?

inside

How a signal is amplified

through the activated relay protein

Examples of possible responses that could occur due to a signal being received by a cell

1. gene turned on (leading to protein production)

2. cell dividing

3. opening protein channel

Once the response is achieved in a cell, what would need to occur to stop the response?

another signal to deactivate the proteins

the event that sets off a phosphorylation cascade inside of a cell

reception

phosphorylation

a process that adds a phosphate group onto a protein to "activate" it- to change its shape enough so that it can function properly

Where do the phosphate groups come from that are added to the proteins during phosphorylation?

ATP

What class of enzymes performs phosphorylation?

protein kinase

what happens in amplification steps?

distributes signal, activates more proteins

What advantage would there be to an organism if the signal transduction pathway had several amplification steps?

send signal faster and farther and get a greater response

What would occur in the cell if the activated protein kinase enzymes continued to be active for a long period of time?

response would continue- more genes turned on

What would need to occur in the cell to deactivate the protein kinase enzymes?

removing phosphate groups by phosphatases