Chem Ch 14

What are intermolecular forces?

Attractive forces that occur between molecules.

What is the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular forces?

Intramolecular forces occur between atoms in a molecule, while intermolecular forces occur between molecules.

What is hydrogen bonding?

A strong type of intermolecular force that occurs when a hydrogen atom is attracted to a highly electronegative atom like F, O, or N.

What is the bond continuum?

A range of bond types from ionic to covalent, including polar covalent and nonpolar covalent bonds.

What are London Dispersion Forces (LDF)?

Very weak forces that exist between nonpolar molecules, allowing them to exist in a liquid or solid state at low temperatures.

What is vaporization?

The conversion of a liquid to a gas, which requires energy to overcome intermolecular forces.

What is the boiling point?

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external atmospheric pressure.

What is evaporation?

The process by which particles at the surface of a liquid escape into the gas phase.

What is the relationship between temperature and vapor pressure?

Vapor pressure increases with temperature as more particles have enough kinetic energy to escape.

What are the properties of solids?

Solids vibrate about fixed points, are densely packed, incompressible, and cannot flow.

What is the melting point?

The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid, where solid and liquid are at equilibrium.

What are ionic solids?

Solids with high melting points formed by ionic bonds, held together by charge attraction.

What are amorphous solids?

Solids that lack an ordered internal structure, such as rubber, plastic, and glass.

What is an alloy?

A homogeneous mixture of metallic atoms.

What is a substitutional alloy?

An alloy where host metal atoms are replaced by other metal atoms of the same size.

What is an interstitial alloy?

An alloy formed when smaller atoms fill the spaces between larger metal atoms.

What is sublimation?

The process where a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase.

What is the heat of fusion?

The energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point.

What is the heat of vaporization?

The energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas at its boiling point.

What occurs at the triple point?

The conditions at which all three phases (solid, liquid, gas) of a substance coexist in equilibrium.

What is condensation?

The process where gas changes into a liquid.

What is deposition?

The process where gas changes directly into a solid without passing through the liquid phase.

What is kinetic energy (KE) in relation to phase changes?

The energy of motion that affects the temperature and state of matter during phase changes.

What is potential energy (PE) in relation to phase changes?

The stored energy in a substance that affects its state during phase changes.

What is the significance of the boiling point decreasing at higher altitudes?

As atmospheric pressure decreases, the boiling point of liquids also decreases.

What is the role of temperature in the phase change process?

Temperature affects the kinetic energy of particles, influencing their ability to overcome intermolecular forces.