BSC1005L Labs 1-6 Exam FSU

the characteristics of science used to evaluate whether claims are scientific.

-consistency

-observable

-natural

-predictable

-testability

-tentative

How is the process of science non-linear? Use an investigation from lab as an example.

-because science is complex and iterative, involves constant problem solving and the revision of predictions and approaches

What is the peer review process? Why is it essential for generating new scientific knowledge?

- is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field, before a paper describing this work is published in a journal, conference proceedings or as a book.

-essential in testing the validity of ones findings.

How is hypothesis different from prediction?

-HYPOTHESIS: a tentative, testable explanation for a phenomenon.

PREDICTION: the expected outcome based on the hypothesis

Define claim, evidence and reasoning

CLAIM: (WHAT) your answer to the guiding question

EVIDENCE: (HOW) an analysis of the data you collected and your interpretation of the analysis

REASONING: (WHY) explain why the evidence matters to your claim - why does that evidence support your claim?

Hypothesis vs Prediction vs Inference vs Observation

HYPOTHESIS: a tentative, testable explanation for a phenomenon.

PREDICTION: the expected outcome based on the hypothesis

OBSERVATION: is any info gathered through at least one of your senses

INFERENCE: is an assumption based on observations and past experiences

What is the phenomenon "mimicry"?

-nonpoisonous organisms have adapted to mimic the appearance of poisonous organisms because common predators avoid that which resembles poisonous food,

-increases the survival and reproduction of "mimics"

What occurs during the "Fight or Flight " response?

-Dilation of pupils

-Heart rate & blood pressure increase

-Breathing faster

-Sweating

-Digestion slows or stops

How does Natural selection refine biological structures?

-the structure that is most efficient for the function will provide an advantage and will be passed to offspring more frequently

four structures both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common

1. Cell Membrane- phospholipid bilayer, with embedded proteins.

2. Cytoplasm- the gelatinous, aqueous interior of all cells.

3. DNA- double helix of nucleic acids; information to direct cellular processes.

4. Ribosomes- organelles that synthesize proteins by translating instructions from the DNA

Structural differences btwn Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

-Eukaryotes have a nucleus

-Eukaryotes have specialized compartment (organelles)

-Prokaryotes have a cell wall

-Prokaryotes do not of a nucleus

How to know if a cell is a neural cell based on the structure?

Look for dendrites (they receive incoming

messages from other neurons)

What are synaptic terminals?

relay signals to next cell chemically

Chemical communication uses neurotransmitters

Define homeostasis

The tendency to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment even when the external environment changes.

how do negative and positive feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis

Negative feedback: the result of the process shuts that process down

-ex: thermoregulation and homeostasis

Positive feedback: The result of the process intensifies the same process

-ex: contractions in the uterus during birth

Is thermoregulation a negative or positive feedback mechanism?

Negative feedback: the result of the process shuts that process down

e.g. Body temperature rises, sweat is produced, body temperature drops.

Is homeostasis of the urinary system a negative or positive feedback mechanism?

Negative feedback. Body becomes dehydrated, Brain releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to signal kidneys to reabsorb water from urine, Body rehydrates

How does adenosine affect your body?

-adenosine binds to receptors on the nerve cell and slows down the transmission of signals. Adenosine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

How does caffeine affect your body?

-to your brain, caffeine and adenosine look the same so they are able to bind to the same receptors.

Caffeine blocks the inhibitory neurotransmitter (adenosine).

Caffeine is a stimulant

What happens in Meiosis?

the diploid parent cell divides twice to produce 4 haploid daughter cells

-only occurs in sex organs

What is the importance of meiosis?

produces haploid cells, which provides for genetic variation, and during fertiization the diploid (2n) state is restored

Primary product of meiosis?

4 genetically diverse haploid (daughter) cells (sperm/eggs)

When during Meiosis does genetic diversity occur?

-genetic diversity is generated when the homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell before the 1st division

What are the two things that happen when homologous chromosomes align before the first division? (in meiosis)

1. Recombination: maternal and paternal chromosomes swap sections of DNA.

2.Independent assortment: homologous chromosomes line up randomly at plane of cell division.

Why are slight genetic differences among individuals in a population important for the survival of the entire population?

Genetic diversity allows for better survival. If everybody has the same immune system, germs and viruses can decimate the population once they learn to bypass the first one.

What is the result when a haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg?

The result is a diploid zygote (1 cell, 2 sets of chromosomes)

What happens during mitosis? (process)

-all the chromosomes in the nucleus of the parent cell are replicated into identical sister chromatids

-after replication, they line up at the center as sister chromatids, and then divide into two daughter cells that are identical to the parent.

-two equal sets of chromosomes

Primary functions of mitosis?

-to form somatic body cells, which are produced during development, growth, cell replacement, regeneration, and asexual reproduction

In which kind of reproduction are offspring genetically identical to a lone parent?

Asexual reproduction

How might a scientist objectively determine Female / Male Sex in Humans?

•Sex chromosomes -XX orXY

•Secondary Sex Characteristics

•Sex Organs -Penis/Testes/etc. or Clitoris/Ovaries/etc.

•Sex Hormones -Levels and Cycles

Biological Sex

- refers to a combination of gonads, chromosomes, external sex organs, secondary sexual characteristics, and hormone balances.

What is a sperm cell primarily made up of?

-only 5% of semen consists of sperm, the other 95% is secreted fluid

What roles do FSH, LH, testosterone and inhibin play in the male reproductive system?

1-The hypothalamus releases GnRH hormones, which trigger the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH

2-FSH and LH travel through the body to the testes

3-LH stimulates the testosterone in the testes

4-FSH and testosterone stimulate the production of sperm

5-once sperm production is met, inhibin stops the pituitary gland from releasing FSH, and testosterone inhibits the production of GnRH in the hypothalamus]

Describe the function of GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogens, progesterone and inhibin in the uterine and ovarian cycles

-Day 1: the brain increases levels of FSH in the blood

-FSH stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicle, which secretes estrogen in increasing amounts as it matures\

-Day 12: the estrogen level peaks causing a surge of LH and FSH. The LH peak triggers release of the egg from the follicle (ovulation)

-the degenerating corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen that inhibit the further secretion of FSH and LH through thickening the endometrium

-Day 25-30: progesterone and estrogen fall below a critical level and the endometrium is shed, starting menstruation.

Where and how are eggs formed?

-through oogenesis, the process of formation of a mature ovum.

-starts in ovaries and results in the production of one egg and three polar bodies from one oocyte.

Why are the active ingredients in many hormonal contraceptives forms of progesterone and estrogen?

- prevent ovulation by maintaining more consistent hormone levels.

-without a peak in estrogen, the ovary doesn't get the signal to release an egg.

-progesterone and estrogen promote the thickening of endometrium

How is the penis and the clitoris similar?

-the clitoris and the penis both have a shaft with erectile tissue that fills with blood during arousal.

How many chromosomes does every human diploid cell contain?

-every human diploid cell contains 46 chromosomes (23 homologous chromosomes)

What are homologous chromosomes?

matching chromosome pairs that carry genes controlling the same heritable traits located at the same place on the chromosome

What is a gene?

-the location of a segment on DNA that codes for a protein

What is an allele?

- are different versions of the same gene

-two alleles can be identical (homozygous) or alternative forms (heterozygous) of the same gene

How does DNA Gel Electrophoresis work?

-electric current moves negatively charged DNA fragments towards the positive electrode.

-shorter fragments move more quickly

-longer fragments move more slowly through the pores of the gel.

What is DNA composed of?

-nitrogen and phosphorous.

-made up of 2 sugar phosphate backbones and many nitrogenous bases (T, A, G, C)

-double helix structure composed of thousands of genes that can be silenced or expressed

Genotype vs Phenotype

genotype: alleles that code for specific proteins

phenotype: the observable/physical traits that are expressed

Is the expressed gene dominant or recessive?

-the expressed allele is said to be dominant over the suppressed (recessive) allele.

What is the central dogma of biology?

It provides the basic framework for how genetic information flows from a DNA sequence to a protein product inside cells. This process of genetic information flowing from DNA to RNA to protein is called gene expression

(DNA --> RNA --> Protein)

How is genetic testing performed?

genetic testing is performed by extracting the DNA from the nuclei of certain blood cells and looking for mutations in the gene of interest.

What effects the frequency of traits in any population?

-ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment (fitness variation)

How does the hypothalamus contribute to homeostasis?

-without the hypothalamus relaying signals to the kidney, our bodies would not be able to regulate our water levels in homestasis

What makes something scientific?

- the relationship must be causational, not correlational.

-the claim must also be supported by evidence and he data must be collected appropriately

What body systems are involved in regulating internal body temperature?

nervous system, circulatory system, muscular system and integumentary system

How long is sperm viable in the oviduct?

-for about 72 hours, and if one sperm successfully fertilizes the egg, each gamete contributes half of its genetic information to the new individual's DNA

how do barrier and hormonal contraceptives prevent fertilization?

Barrier methods: physically prevent sperm from reaching the egg (condom)

Hormonal methods: manipulate hormone cycles to prevent successful fertilization of sperm by an egg

-relies on knowledge of natural hormone levels during different phases of the reproductive cycle and gametogenesis.

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates /triggers the release of fertility hormones called gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

Corpus Luteum

- formed from the follicle after the egg is released, emits important hormones during the reproductive cycle.

Where in the ovary does the egg mature?

-it matures in the follicle, which matures and releases its egg every 28 days (ovulation)

Cowper's Gland

-accessory gland that secretes a slippery fluid that lubricates the urethra, allowing semen to be released more easily

Vas deferens

-the tube that mature sperm travel through when they leave the epididymis

Prostate gland

-accessory gland that secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidity of the female vagina

What side effects of supplementing testosterone for non-contraceptive reasons (e.g. increasing muscle mass) should be considered ?

-when too much testosterone is produced, it signals the brain to stop producing/releasing sperm.

how do the structures of organisms and the organization of physiological systems enable life systems?

-the nervous system coordinates and controls all these life functions in animals

- we show how they are interconnected by inducing the flight or fight response.

how do organisms detect, process and use information about the environment?

-they process sensory information through the nervous system.

-includes the brain, spinal cord (cns) and a vast network of nervous tissue (pns)

how do organisms obtain and use the energy they have to live and grow?

-through the use of interconnected organ systems

-circulatory, digestive, endocrine, integumentary, lymphatic and immune, musculoskeletal, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, urinary.

how do stimulants and depressants affect your nervous system as well as other body systems ?

-stimulants stimulate the affected portion of the nervous system by either enhancing the effect of a excitatory neurotransmitter or blocking the effect of a inhibitory one

-depressants have the opposite effect, blocking the action of an excitatory neurotransmitter or enhancing an inhibitory one. ex: narcotics

what does standard deviation reveal about our data?

-if the standard deviation bars overlap, the data is not statistically significant

-if the standard deviation bars do not overlap, or are inline, the data is statistically significant.

what causes unregulated cell division in mitosis?

-checkpoints fail to prevent a damaged cell from dividing

ex: 1 -mutations in protooncogenes signal cells could cause genes to be overstimulated, causing too much cell division.

ex: 2 - tumor suppressor pause the cell cycle to fix mistakes. Mutations in these genes cause them to be under-expressed, allowing damaged cells to divide inappropriately

cancer

-unregulated cell division

-difference in the color and consistency of cells makes it clear.

homologous pairs are only present in....

-meiosis

-contain one chromosome from the sperm and the egg (mother and father)

-line up at the center during meiosis

sister chromatids are only lined up at the center during....

-mitosis

-are the original chromosome and its copy

during meiosis, recombination and independent assortment happen at....

-the same step in meiosis

-recombination: the maternal and paternal chromosomes cross over and swap genetic material

-independent assortment: describes how the homologous pairs line up randomly on each side of the plane of division.

what is the difference between theoretical failure rate and actual use failure rate?

-theoretical failure rate: indicates the failure rate when the contraceptive is used every time

-actual use failure rate: reflects typical use over the first year, meaning its usually lower

which contraceptives are best in preventing STDs?

- barrier methods like condoms

bacterial STDs

chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis (can be treated with antibiotics)

viral STIs

-they replicate within your cells and therefore are much more difficult to treat.

FSH and LH make ______ and _____ increase

-progesterone and estrogen increase

estrogen and progesterone make ____ and ______ decrease

- FSH and LH, at a certain point when the levels of progesterone and estrogen peak

FSH and LH intensifying is an example of.....

-positive feedback

FSH and LH being inhibited is an example of..

-negative feedback

female reproductive cycle

1-menstruation: endometrium is shed, and FSH released in blood

2-proliferative phase: follicle grows and matures, triggered by FSH

3-ovulation: mature follicle releases egg, triggered by peak in LH

4-secretory phase: progesterone and estrogen promote thickening of the endometrium

microarray testing

-provide data on which genes were express because molecular products of gene expression adhere to the small DNA fragments on these microchips in various quantities

epigenome

-the instructions on top of the genome that control whether genes are expressed or silenced

gel electrophoresis

-used to compare different DNA patterns of different individuals that may or may not carry alleles associated with genetic diseases or cancer.

-if the DNA patterns line up with an affected individual, that person may have the gene for that genetic disease

ex: can be used in DNA fingerprinting, crime cases, etc, but not gene expression