AP World Vocab Final

Neo-Confucianism

Confucianism thinking while incorporating some Buddhism and Daoism

Censorate

An agency that exercised surveillance over the government, checking on public officials

Hangzhou (Song capital)

One of the most prominent cities in East China  which was used as a trading area and had a great network of water pathways which facilitated trade and cultural exchange

Foot binding

The tight wrapping of elite class women’s feet which was used to symbolize beauty and power.

“middle kingdom”

Another name for China and the idea that China was the center of the world with any other surrounding civilizations being barbarians

kowtow

A series of ritual bows to the Emperor which were required in order for merchants or foreigners to trade in China. Symbolized Chinese power over foreigners

Xiongnu

Nomadic tribal confederation; invaded China during Qin and Han dynasties; caused fortifications including the great wall to be built

Sultanate of Delhi

Series of dynasties (lasted 3 centuries) that ruled over the majority of Indian society

Sufis

Indian mystics that focused on personal devotion and spirited practices. Helped spread Islam to India and making Islam more accessible

Kabir

15th century Indian mystic poet and saint that influenced the Bhakti movement

Sikhism

Monotheistic religion that combined Hinduism and Islam

Timbuktu

Ancient and historically rich city in Mali. Center of Islamic learning with multiple educational institutions

Mexica

Semi nomadic group from northern Mexico who had migrated southward and established themselves on a small island in lake Texcoco by 1325

Triple Alliance

An alliance in 1428 between the Mexica and two other nearby city-states launched a highly aggressive military conquest

Tenochtitlan

A metropolis of 150,000-200,00 people that collected goods (taxed) from conquered people

Chinampas, aka “floating gardens”

Artificial islands created from swamplands that supported a highly productive agriculture, showcasing the technology and wealth of the Aztecs

Huitzilopochtli

Aztec Patron deity who tended to lose energy in a constant battle against encroaching darkness, leading to Aztec sacrifices to give back life force for the sun god

Quechua

A language and a community of these Quechua speakers built the Inca empire

Gender Parallelism

Women and men operate in two separate spheres

Yuan Dynasty

Mongol Rule in China representing a new beginning

Khubilai Khan

Grandson of Genghis Khan and Mongol China ruler (Yuan Dynasty). Expanded trade and promoted cultural exchange

Hulegu

Grandson of Chinggis Khan, first il-khan or subordinate Khan. Sieged Baghdad and ended Islamic golden age

Khutulun

Only girl of 14 boys who helped her father, a Mongol ruler, in the battlefield. Also known as Mongol Wrestler Princess

Kipchak Khanate/ Golden Horde

Mongol successor state that ruled over parts of Europe and Eastern Europe (1200-1400). Controlled trade routes, imposed tribute, spread mongol practices, Pax Mongolica

Monsoon winds

Seasonal winds in Indian Ocean that reverse direction annually. Predictable maritime trade which connected East Africa, Middle East, South Asia creating major trading network and cultural exchange

Swahili language

Language spoken along East African coast. Cultural blending from trade used as communication in Indian Ocean Trade

Great Zimbabwe

African kingdom with stone structures. Controlled the gold trade in Southeastern Africa. Complex and wealthy society b4 Europe

Jenne-Jeno

West African urban center and hub for Trans-Saharan-Trade.

Camel caravans

Group of camels used to travel and transport goods across deserts. Allowed for trans-Saharan trade and connect West Africa to North Africa

Encomienda and Repartimiento

Spanish labor systems which exploited workers for economic benefit

Peninsulares, Creoles, & Mestizos

People born in Spain, Pure Spanish/European descent, Mixed European and indigenous.

Tupac Amaru Revolt

Largest indigenous uprising in Spanish America which was sparked by increased taxes and mita system

Middle Passage

Brutal forced journey enslaved individuals traveled from Africa to America

Cowrie shells

International currency, especially in West Africa, facilitated primarily the Atlantic Slave trade

Kingdom of Dahomey

A powerful West Africa Kingdom, major supplier in the Atlantic Slave trade

Queen Nzinga

17th century queen of present day Angola, known for resisting Portuguese colonization and the slave trade

British East India Company

Trading company founded by Britain in 1600s, traded spices, textiles, and tea and had major political and military control over India through colonial rule

Dutch East India Company

Dutch trading company founded in 1602, controlled trade in Asia, but had its own army, navy, and government powers.

Potosi, Bolivia

Richest and largest cities in the world in 1500s under Spanish rule with Huge amounts of silver to the Spanish empire, traded with China, and forced Indigenous labor

Gunpowder empires

Large Empires which used gunpowder to conquer, and relied on their military to expand (Ottoman, Mughal, Safavid empires)

Janissaries

Young Christian boys converted to Islam then trained as Elite infantry of Ottoman empire

Sati

Widow who follows her husband to death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre

Jizya

Special tax on non-muslims in the Mughal empire

Devshirme

Taking christian boys and forcing them to convert to to islam, learn turkish and trained to be an higher up for the Janissary units

Soft gold

The soft fur and pelts of animals that were a great demand on the world market

Qing Dynasty

Overthrew Ming empire, established by the manchu people, multiethnic with a Confucian bureaucracy

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

Peace agreement between Qing and Russia; Set borders and allowed trade

Declaration of Independence

A founding document that announced that the 13 American colonies regarded themselves as independent

Creoles

White Spaniards who were at the upper middle of the Spanish colonial caste system

Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos

Catholic priests and leaders of the Mexican War of Independence against Spain

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan leader who played an important role in South America’s successful struggle for independence against Spanish rule

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A document from the French revolution which established the principle that men are born free and equal in rights

Olympe de Gouges

A feminist, French activist who was famous for writing the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen

Napoleon Bonaparte

Emperor of France, played a crucial role in the French Revolution

Toussaint Louverture

Born as a slave to the French colony of Haiti, became a Haitian general and the most prominent leader of the Haiti rebellion

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

First Haitian Emperor & leader of Haitian revolution

“Independence debt” (see pg. 781)

A debt of 150 million gold franks from Haiti to France in compensation for the loss of its richest colony and “property” in slaves

Seneca Falls

Birthplace of women’s rights movement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Prominent American writer, philosopher, and speaker who fought for women’s social and legal equality 

National American Woman Suffrage Association

2 million members operating through peaceful protest that secured the Women’s right to vote

Kartini (vignette pg. 808)

A young Javanese woman born in Dutch East Indies and was educated by the west. Fought for women’s rights and opened schools for girls on Java

Huda Sharawi

Founder of the first feminist organization in Egypt. After returning from a conference in Italy, she threw her veil into the sea

Steam Engine

Machine that uses steam power to move parts and do work. Powered factories and transportation, main drive of industrial revolution

Second Industrial Revolution

New technologies like electricity, steel and oil, leading to rapid industrial growth

Middle Class

Social group between industrialists and working class. Grew during industrialization and promoted education and consumer culture

Robert Owen

Industrialist and social reformer who improved factory conditions. Inspired early socialism, and worker’s rights

Karl Marx

German philosopher who wrote “communist manifesto” about ideas of class struggle, workers rights, and social structures

Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party

Marxist revolutionary party later split into Bolsheviks and Menshavik making way for Russian Revolution

The Crimean War (1854-1856)

Conflict between Russia and alliance between Britain and France over exposing Russia’s military and tech weaknesses

caudillos

Powerful military/political strongmen who dominated politics in Latin America who ruled through personal authority

Mexican Revolution of 1910

Uprising against long rule of Porfirio Diaz, because of inequality and lack of political freedom

King Leopold of Belgium

King who controlled Congo Free state in Africa. Exploited region for rubber and resources, caused extreme imperialism

Taiping Uprising

Massive rebellion in China, massive peasant led uprising. Deadly conflict, weakened Qing Dynasty until decline

Opium Wars

Series of conflicts between China and Britain caused by opium trade. Resulted in Chinese defeat and unequal treaties in favor of China

Self-Strengthening

Qing dynasty effort to modernize China’s military and industry using Western tech while preserving confucian values

Boxer Uprising

Anti- foreign and anti-Christian rebellion in China led by the “boxers” which was crushed by international forces and lead to more foreign control

Hundred Days of Reform

A brief 1998 reform led by Emperor Guanxu to modernize China’s government, education, and military which was quickly shut down by conservative elites

Bolsheviks

Vladimir Lenin

Guomindang

Mao Zedong

Stalin and Mao

Zhenotdel

Collectivization

Five-Year Plans

Great Leap Forward (pg 1050)

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Terror/Great Purges

Rape of Nanjng

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Rosie the Riveter

The Holocaust

United Nations

Indian National Congress

Mohandas Gandhi

Satyagraha

Muslim League

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Deng Xiaoping

Mikhail Gorbachev