Intro to Western Music Final

Syllabic

One note per syllable

Neumatic

Each syllable of text is sung to a small group of notes

Melismatic

Multiple notes per syllable

Monophony

Single melodic voice without harmony

Polyphony

Two or more independent voices occurring simultaneously

Homophony

Primary melody accompanied by chords or harmonies

Heterophony

Multiple voices play the same melody but different pitch, rhythm, or changes

Madrigal

Secular vocal music from the Renaissance written for a small group of singers without instruments

Early Baroque

Rise of opera, expression, and emotion

Piano Reduction

A simplified arrangement of orchestration for piano to spread music

Timbre

The quality of sound

2nd Viennese School (Person)

Schoenberg

2nd Viennese School (Concepts)

Atonality, twelve-tone, modernism, breaking tradition

Romanticism

Emotion, individuality, gradual change, simple materials

French Opera

Elegant and restrained

Italian Opera

Emotional, melodic, expressive

Formalism

Music’s meaning lied in structure, form, and sound relationships (NOT EMOTION)

Formalism (3 People)

Hanslick, Bach, Brahms

Absolute Music

Music without narrative/story

Absolute Music (2 People)

Brahms and Hanslick

Program Music

Music depicting story/image/narrative

Program Music (2 people)

Berlioz and Wagner

Modernism

Rejection older traditions (Schoenberg)

Canon

Strict imitation where one melody enters, another voice copied exactlya fter delay

Fugue

More flexible imitative polyphony (Bach)

Leitmotif

Recurring musical theme tied to a character, object, or idea (Wagner)

Sonata Form

Exposition, Development, Recapitulation

Exposition (Sonata)

Introduces primary themes

Development (Sonata)

Introduces transformations and manipulations, creates tension

Recapitulation

Brings back primary themes but in the home key

Atonality

Music without a tonal center/key

Atonality (Person)

Schoenberg

Counterpoint

Independent melodic lines sounding simultaneously

Voice

Either literal singing voice or individual music line

Dissonance

Tense sound combinations needing resolution

Romanticism

Music expresses emotion

Text-Setting

How music related to words/lyrics

Tonality

One pitch is the tonal center organizing all others

Theme

A musical idea longer and more complex than a motive

Motive

A short recurring fragment of a melody of rhythm, used to construct longer phrases and to serve as a unifying element of the whole piece

Schoenberg 12-tone Scale

Uses all 12 chromatic notes equally, avoiding tonal center

Beautiful (vs sublime)

Balanced, harmonious, pleasing, orderly

Sublime (vs beautful)

Overwhelming, terrifying, vast, emotionally powerful

Rationalism

Knowledge through reason

Empiricism

Knowledge through sensory experience

Phenomenal

World as humans perceive it

Noumental

Reality “in itself” beyond perception

The First Viennese School

Instrumental music, symphonic development, formalism

The First Viennese School (3 People)

Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven

Dussek

• Early classical composer

• Before Beethoven

• Emotional piano music

Adorno

• Capitalism standardizes music

• Passive listening

Handel

• Baroque opera composer

• Opera seria

• Italian vocal style

• Expressive singing

Shaw

• Don Juan in Hell

• Philosophical comedy

Hanslick

• Musically beautiful

• Music’s beauty comes from musical form, not from emotions or stories

Brahms

• Tradition/formalism

• Absolute music

• Fugue/canon/passacaglia

Berlioz

• Romantic composer

• Program music

• Narrative symphony

• Symphonie Fantastique

Bach

• Master of counterpoint, fugue, canon

• Formal complexity

• Multiple interweaving melodies

• “The Musical Offering”

• “Art of the Fugue”

Mozart

• Classical balance

• Opera

• Don Giovanni

• Gender/power politics

Beethoven

• Central romantic genius figure

• Symphony, heroism, emotion, expansion of classical form

• Dramatic motives and orchestral power

• “Symphony No.5 in C Minor”

Wagner

• Das Rheingold

• Leitmotifs

Schoenberg

• Modernist composer

• Atonality, twelve-tone scale, Second Viennese School

• Transformed 20th century music

Reich

“Come Out”

“Music for Mallet Instruments, voice, and organ”

Repetition and loops

Traditional Composers (5)

Bach, Brahms, Dussek, Hanslick, Mozart

Romantic Transition Composers (5)

Berlioz, Beethoven, Handel, Mozart, Wagner

Modernist Composers (2)

Schoenberg and Reich

Beethoven Symphony No. 5

• BUM BUM BUM BUM

• Early romantic symphonic work

• Expands on classical forms into a narrative story

• Small recurring motif

Berlioz Symphanie Fantastique

• Light and bouncy

• Romantic program symphony

• Expressive and dramatic

• Tells a story

Bach Art of the Fugue

• Organ

• Everything derived from one idea

• Single theme enters in different voices

• Multiple voices at once

• Music is a logical structure unfolding in time

• Other voices imitate and transform the main voice

Bach The Musical offering

• Baroque chamber ensemble with flutes and funky piano

• Very serious structure

• Based on the musical theme given to him by the King of Prussia which he transforms into fugues and canons

The Musical Offering: Crab Canon

• Music plays forward and backwards

• Bach’s fascination with symmetry and musical logic