Bio Notecards 4-30

What elements make up carbohydrates?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHO)

What is the general ratio of elements in carbohydrates?

1:2:1 (C:H:O)

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide

What is a polymer of carbohydrates?

Polysaccharide

What is a monosaccharide?

A single sugar molecule (like glucose)

Example of a monosaccharide?

Glucose, fructose, galactose

What is a disaccharide?

Two sugars bonded together

Example of a disaccharide?

Sucrose, lactose

What is a polysaccharide?

Many sugar units bonded together

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

Quick energy

What polysaccharide stores energy in plants?

Starch

What polysaccharide stores energy in animals?

Glycogen

What carbohydrate provides structure in plants?

Cellulose

What elements are in lipids?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (less oxygen than carbs)

Are lipids polymers?

No (not true polymers)

What are the building blocks of lipids?

Glycerol + fatty acids

What is a saturated fat?

No double bonds, solid at room temp

What is an unsaturated fat?

Has double bonds, liquid at room temp

Main function of lipids?

Long-term energy storage

What lipid forms cell membranes?

Phospholipids

What do lipids also help with?

Insulation and protection

What elements make up proteins?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON)

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids

What is a polymer of proteins?

Polypeptide

What bond connects amino acids?

Peptide bond

What do proteins do?

Enzymes, structure, transport, movement

What are enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

What happens if a protein denatures?

It loses its shape and function

What is a monomer?

Small building block molecule

What is a polymer?

Large molecule made of repeating monomers

What process builds polymers?

Dehydration synthesis

What process breaks polymers?

Hydrolysis

Carbohydrate monomer?

Monosaccharide

Protein monomer?

Amino acid

Lipid components?

Glycerol + fatty acids

What is cellular respiration?

Process that makes ATP (energy)

Where does it occur?

Mitochondria

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Glucose + oxygen → CO₂ + water + ATP

What type of process is it?

Aerobic (requires oxygen)

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

No

What does glycolysis produce?

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate

Where does Krebs cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

What does Krebs cycle produce?

CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, small ATP

Where does ETC occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

What is the main product of ETC?

Most ATP

What is required for ETC?

Oxygen

What is aerobic respiration?

Uses oxygen

What is anaerobic respiration?

No oxygen

Which makes more ATP?

Aerobic

What is fermentation?

Anaerobic process after glycolysis

Lactic acid fermentation happens in?

Muscles

Alcohol fermentation produces?

Alcohol + CO₂

What does photosynthesis produce?

Glucose + oxygen

What does respiration produce?

CO₂ + water + ATP

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplast

How are photosynthesis and respiration related?

Opposite processes

Why are carbohydrates used for quick energy instead of lipids?

They break down faster

Why do lipids store more energy?

More hydrogen bonds = more stored energy

What happens if no oxygen is available?

Cell switches to fermentation

Why is ATP important?

It powers all cell activities