BIO 9th GRADE MIDTERM

Prokaryotes

________ are bacteria, Eukaryotes are everything else (Plants, animals, fungi, protists)

Chromatin

________ is a loose /unwound form of DNA; chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein (DNA tightly wrapped around a histone protein)- chromosomes form when it is time for cell division; a gene is a segment of DNA that codes for proteins.

Meiosis

________; to ensure correct number of chromosomes in gametes (divides chromosome number by half) and to provide genetic variation in the DNA of the gametes.

Schleiden

________- all plants are made of cells.

Schwann

________- all animals are made of cells.

Bacteria

________ (prokaryotes) use binary fission to reproduce.

Plants

________ give off some carbon dioxide (but they use it in photosynthesis)

Binary fission

________ is similar to mitosis.

Aerobic

________- Requires oxygen, Anaerobic- does not require oxygen.

organelles

The ________ work together for one common goal like parts and workers of a factory work together.

Interphase

________ (G1, S, G2)= preparing for division and normal living.

Lipids

________ are made up of more than one type of subunit and they are in no particular pattern (glycerol and fatty acids)

mitosis

Divide during ________ and cytokinesis (after Interphase of the cell cycle) in order for the organism to grow, reproduce, or to heal /replace damaged cells.

Enzymes

________ are biological catalysts- they lower the activation energy of lifes reactions to allow them to occur at a reasonable pace.

asexual reproduction

It is a type of cell division associated with ________.

pure substance

A compound is a(n) ________ made of 2 or more elements in a specific ratio.

Compound light

specimens can be alive, but it doesnt zoom in as much, it shows real colors (unless stained)

Electron microscopes

specimens must be dead but there is a lot more visible detail, black and white

Scanning

3-D image of the surface

Transmission

internal view of specimen

Element

a type of atom determined by the   Atomic Number (number of protons)

Atomic mass

mass of the atom, measured in amus (atomic mass units), sum of

Weak bonds between a positive pole (with hydrogens) and another molecule with a negative pole

its similar to a magnet because its simply negative attracts positive

Describe the role of energy in chemical reactions?

Reactions require an activation energy in order to occur. there must be enough energy present to move the molecules around

Enzymes are biological catalysts

they lower the activation energy of lifes reactions to allow them to occur at a reasonable pace

Carbohydrates

Main energy source, plant structure

Proteins

Bones, muscles, cell structure, enzymes

Nucleic Acids

Genetic Storage and Transmission

Lipids

Energy storage, waterproof membranes

Hooke

discovered cells (saw for the first time)

Schleiden

all plants are made of cells

Schwann

all animals are made of cells

Plant Cells

Cell wall, chloroplast, large central vacuole

Animal Cells

lysosomes

What would happen to an animal cell placed into a hypertonic solution?

water would leave out of the cell into the solution until equilibrium is reached - this would shrink the cell

Why don’t plant cells burst when placed in a hypotonic solution?

because plants have a cell wall that protects the plant by exerting pressure turgor pressure

Reactants of photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light (energy)

Products of photosynthesis

6O2 + C6H12O6

Reactants of cellular respiration

6O2 + C6H12O6

Products of cellular respiration

6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)

chromatin

is a loose/unwound form of DNA

What is the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation?

A gene mutation happens to one particular gene (one protein) a chromosomal mutation affects the entire chromosome.

TAAGCCGCTTA

ATTCGGCGAAT

Thymine bonds with

adenine

Define haploid

 cell with 1 copy of every chromosomes

Define diploid

ell with 2 copies of every chromosomes

1. What happens to chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis?

They are divided in half at the centromere and each sister chromatid is taken to opposite sides of the cell by spindle fibers.

1. What are chromosomes made of?

DNA wrapped around proteins (histones) which bundle into nucleosomes

What other factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Light intensity, Light color, Amount of carbon dioxide

Where does cellular respiration occur (in which organelle)?

Cytoplasm and Mitochondria

which direction do ions move during active transport?

1.  low concentration to areas of high concentration

Which direction do molecules move during passive transport?

1.  __**high concentration to areas of low concentration**__

what are the 3 types of passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

What are the monomers of carbohydrates

 Monosaccharide

What are the monomers of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

What are the monomers of proteins?

amino acids

What are unique properties of water?

Water is polar and it expands when it freezes.

How can you determine the total magnification of a specimen viewed with the microscope?

Multiply the magnification of the ocular lens by the magnification of the objective lens.

What processes do organisms use to release stored energy?  Which one is more efficient?

Aerobic Cellular Respiration AND fermentation both release energy from glucose, but aerobic is more efficient