Theories of Personality - Semi Finals Exam

Erich Fromm

Who's theory was humanistic psychoanalysis?

Humanistic Psychoanalysis

What is Erich Fromm's theory of personality?

Humanistic Psychoanalysis

Assumes that humanity's separation from the natural world has produced feelings of loneliness and isolation, a condition called basic anxiety.

Basic Anxiety

Assumes that humanity's separation from the natural world has produced feelings of loneliness and isolation, a condition called

Erich Fromm

His most basic assumption is that individual personality can be understood only in light of human history.

Human Dilemma

That humans, unlike other animals, have been "torn away" from their prehistoric union with nature. They have no powerful instincts to adapt to a changing world; instead, they have acquired the facility to reason

1. Relatedness

2. Transcendence

3. Rootedness

4. Sense of Identity

5. Frame of Orientation

Human needs according to Erich Fromm:

Relatedness

The drive for union with another person through submission, power, or love

Transcendence

Rising above a passive and accidental existence through creating or destroying

Rootedness

The need to establish roots or to feel at home again in the world

Sense of Identity

The capacity to be aware of oneself as a separate entity

Frame of Orientation

A road map or consistent philosophy to make sense of the world

1. Authoritarianism

2. Destructiveness

3. Automaton Conformity

Mechanisms of escape according to Fromm:

Authoritarianism

Submitting or dominating

Destructiveness

Trying to do away with people/objects

Automaton Conformity

Giving up the self to be like others

1. Nonproductive

2. Productive

Character orientations of humanistic psychoanalysis:

Nonproductive

Receptive, exploitative, hoarding, and marketing

Productive

Working, loving, and reasoning

1. Receptive

2. Exploitative

3. Hoarding

4. Marketing

5. Productive

Five social character orientations/types:

Receptive

Need for constant support

Exploitative

Manipulates and cheats to get what they want

Hoarding

Unhealthy material attachment in items

Marketing

Sees relationships in terms of what they can benefit/get in exchange - transactional

Productive

Channels negative feelings to productive work - the only healthy character type

1. Necrophilia

2. Malignant Narcissism

3. Incestuous Symbiosis

Personality disorders in humanistic psychoanalysis:

Necrophilous/Necrophilia

Are those attracted to death

Biophilous/Biophilia

Are those attracted to life

Propositions

In accordance to Fromm:

(1) Humans have an essential in born nature

(2) Society is created by humans in order to fulfill this essential nature

(3) No society that has yet been devised meets the basic needs of human existence

(4) It is possible to create such society

Humanistic Communitarian Socialism

Fromm's idea of a perfect society

Humanistic Communitarian Socialism

In such a society, everyone would have an equal opportunity to become human- a world where loneliness, feelings of isolation, and despair exist no more.

Narcissism

An interest in their own body

Hypochondriasis

Obsessive attention to one's health

Moral Hypochondriasis

Preoccupation with guilt about previous transgressions

Incestous Symbiosis

An extreme dependence on the mother or mother surrogate.

Abraham Maslow

Who's theory is holistic-dynamic theory?

Holistic Dynamic Theory

An ideology that a person is constantly motivated by one need or another

Holistic-Dynamic Theory

What was Maslow's theory of personality?

Abraham Maslow

He focused on the motivation of healthy people

Conative Needs

Having a striving or motivational character.

Prepotency

These types of needs must be satisfied or mostly satisfied before progressing to another level of need.

Hierarchy of needs

Needs are arranged in a pyramid; lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs become motivators

1. Physiological

2. Safety

3. Love and Belongingness

4. Esteem

5. Self-Actualization

Maslow's hierarch of needs:

Physiological

Food, water, and oxygen

Safety

Physical security, stability, and protection

Love and Belongingness

Friendship, family, and intimacy

Esteem

Self-respect, confidence, and the esteem of others

Self-Actualization

Self-fulfillment and the realization of all one's potential

1. Aesthetic Needs

2. Cognitive Needs

3. Neurotic Needs

Non-conative needs according to Maslow:

Aesthetic Needs

Beauty

Cognitive Needs

Knowledge

Neurotic Needs

Leads to pathology

Unmotivated Behaviors

Even if all behaviors have a cause, some are not driven by motivation

Expressive Behavior

- It is often an end in itself, and serves no purpose than to be.

- It can be unconscious- frowning, blushing, etc.

- It is a person's mode of expression, a way to show yourself.

Coping Behavior

It is the individual's attempts to cope with the external environment

Deprivation of Needs

The lack of satisfying one's needs leads to pathology

Metapathology

The deprivation of self-actualization needs

Instinctoid Needs

Are human needs that are innately determined but can be modified by learning

Noninstinctoid Needs

Are temporary needs, and do not lead to pathology- not important for survival.

Self-Actualizers

Characterized by "B-Values" (Being Values) like Truth, Goodness, Beauty, Wholeness, and Justice. They experience "peak experiences"

B-Values

Are indicators of psychological health-termed as meta needs as they are the ultimate level of needs

Metamotivation

The motives of self-actualization of people

Peak Experiences

Experiences that were mystical in nature and that somehow gave them a feeling of transcendence

Jonah Complex

The fear of being one's best

Carl Rogers

Who's theory was Person-Centered Theory?

Person-Centered Theory

What was Roger's theory?

Carl Rogers

He believed that every person has an innate drive toward growth

The Actualizing Tendency

The tendency within all humans to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials

Self-Concept

All aspects of one's being and experiences perceived in awareness

Ideal Self

One's view of self as one wishes to be

Incongruence

The gap between the self-concept and the ideal self leads to anxiety

1. Genuineness (Congruence)

2. Unconditional Positive Regard

3. Empathy

Conditions for growth according to Rogers:

Genuineness (Congruence)

Being real/honest

Unconditional Positive Regard

Acceptance regardless of behavior

Empathy

Accurate sensing of the client's feelings

Rollo May

Who's theory is existential psychology?

Existential Psychology

What was May's theory of personality?

Rollo May

His theory is based on clinical experience and existential philosophy

Dasein

Being in the world

Dasein

Existing in the world

1. Umwelt

2. Mitwelt

3. Eigenwelt

Dasein involves three simultaneous modes:

Umwelt

The environment around us (biological)

Mitwelt

Our relations with other people (social)

Eigenwelt

Our relationship with ourself (psychological)

Nonbeing

The dread of death or "nothingness"

1. Normal Anxiety

2. Neurotic Anxiety

Two kinds of anxiety according to May:

Normal Anxiety

Proportionate to the threat, does not involve repression

Neurotic Anxiety

A reaction disproportionate to the threat, involving repression

Love

Is a delight in the presence of another

Will

Is the capacity to organize oneself so that movement in a certain direction or toward a certain goal may take place

Sex

A physiological need that seeks gratification through the release of tension

Eros

Psychological desire that seeks procreation or creation through an enduring union.

Philia

- An intimate non-sexual friendship between two people. Cannot be rushed; it takes time to grow to develop and to sink its roots.

- It is friendship in the simplest, most direct terms.

Agape

Defined as "Esteem for the other, concern for the other's welfare beyond any gain that one can get out of it; disinterested love, typically the love for God."

Freedom

Is an individual's capacity to know that they are "determined" which means knowing their destiny.

Existential Freedom

Freedom of doing or the freedom of action. It is the power to act on the choices you make

The Freedom of Being

It is an inner freedom that often becomes easier to face when our everyday physical freedom is interrupted or limited, such as in a prison or concentration camp

Destiny

Is the design of the universe speaking through the design of each one of us. It is our destination or goal, but it is not "preordained" or "foredoomed"

Gordon Allport

Who's theory was the psychology of the indiviual?

Psychology of the Individual

What was Allport's theory of personality?