IHUM 202 Study Guide Unit 2 Complete

Jean Antoine Watteau: Return from Cythera

Rococo

François Boucher: Madame de Pompadour

Rococo

Jean-Honoré Fragonard: The Happy Accidents of the Swing

Rococo

Jean-Honoré Fragonard: Love Letters from The Progress of Love

Rococo

Vigée-Lebrun: Marie Antoinette and Her Children

Enlightenment

William Hogarth: The Marriage Settlement from Marriage á la Mode

Enlightenment

William Hogarth: The Tête a Tête from Marriage á la Mode

Enlightenment

Jacques-Louis David: Oath of the Horatii

Neoclassical

Jacques-Louis David: Napoléon Crossing the Alps

Neoclassical

Angelica Kauffmann: The Artist in the Character of Design Listening to the Inspiration of Poetry

Neoclassical

Antonio Canova: Pauline Bonaparte Borghese as Venus Victorious

Neoclassical

Antonio Canova: Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker

Neoclassical

Jacques-Germain Soufflot: Le Panthéon

Neoclassical

Thomas Jefferson: Monticello

Neoclassical

Francisco de Goya: The Third of May, 1808

Romantic

Francisco de Goya: Fight to the Death with Clubs

Romantic

Théodore Géricault: The Raft of the Medusa

Romantic

Eugène Delacroix: The Massacre at Chios

Romantic

Eugène Delacroix: Liberty Leading the People

Romantic

John Constable: The Hay Wain

Romantic

JMW Turner: The Slave Ship

Romantic

Caspar David Friedrich: Wanderer Above a Sea of Mist

Romantic

Thomas Cole: The Oxbow

Romantic

Asher B. Durand: Kindred Spirits

Romantic

United States Capitol

Classical Revival

Saint Patrick's Cathedral

Gothic Revival

Honoré Daumier: The Legislative Belly

Realism

Nadar: Sarah Bernhardt

Realism

Thomas Eakins: The Gross Clinic

Realism

James Abbott McNeil Whistler: Arrangement in Gray and Black No. 1

Realism

Edouard Manet: Luncheon on the Grass

Impressionism (transition from Realism to Impressionism)

Edouard Manet: Bar at the Follies Bergère

Impressionism (transition from Realism to Impressionism)

Claude Monet: Impression, Sunrise

Impressionism

Claude Monet: Rouen Cathedral, Portal

Impressionism

Pierre-Auguste Renoir: Le Moulin de la Galette

Impressionism

Berthe Morisot: Young Girl by the Window

Impressionism

Edgar Degas: The Rehearsal (Adagio)

Impressionism

Edgar Degas: The Tub

Impressionism

Mary Cassatt: The Boating Party

Impressionism

Georges Seurat: Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

Postimpressionism

Paul Cézanne: Still Life with Basket of Apples

Postimpressionism

Paul Cézanne: Mont St. Victorie

Postimpressionism

Vincent Van Gogh: The Starry Night

Postimpressionism

Vincent Van Gogh: The Night Cafe

Postimpressionism

Paul Gauguin: Vision After the Sermon

Postimpressionism

The values of the 18th century French Aristocracy as reflected through Rococo art and architecture.

- Frivolous and saccharine.

- Rococo artwork made ample use of color, light, and vigorous, delicate brushwork.

- Rococo style is characterized by elaborate ornamentation, asymmetrical values, pastel color palette, and curved or serpentine lines. Rococo art works often depict themes of love, classical myths, youth, and playfulness.

François Boucher

- Rococo

his candy colored canvases were popular among the aristocracy.

- Painted "Madame de Pompadour" of one of French King's mistresses.

- Note the many books, as well as the quill, ink, papers, envelope, and sealing wax. These details suggest that she is a well-read woman who also engages in written conversations via letters. Sheet music and sketches lie just behind the little dog, suggesting other talents of our subject. Finally, although there is a mirror in the painting, our subject is not gazing into it, entranced or obsessed by her beauty. She has her back to the mirror, rejecting the idea of the sole importance of appearance, and suggesting that her true talents are deeper and more meaningful than just being a "pretty face."

Jean-Antoine Watteau

- Rococo style painter.

- Depicted a transitory and impermanent world.

- Fetes galantes: elegant outdoor festivals

- Sometimes his paintings had a sense of melancholy nostalgia.

- Painted Return from Cythera:

Colorful palette, feathery brush strokes, flourishes of thick paint, and sensual subjects characterized his works.

Jean-Honoré Fragonard

- Rococo style

- used landscape to accentuate an erotic or romantic mood.

- Painted "The Happy Accidents of the Swing"

Diminutive forms and rosy cheeks

subjects are doll-like

Idyllic setting

Subtle hues, soft textures, soft light

Patrons died in the French Revolution and Fragonard died in obscurity.

Rosalba Carriera

- lace maker and a painter of mini ivory portraits

- Used colored chalk as her medium

- Created "Louis XV as a boy" in 1720

- She was able to combine realism in a way that was flattering, yet still true to her subjects, which made her popular among her patrons.

Louis XV

Major figure in the Rococo and Neoclassical era

the king whose excesses and disinterest in state affairs pushed the French people inevitably toward revolt. Even during the reign of Louis XV, public sentiment was turning more and more against the aristocracy, and Louis's self-indulgent behavior only fanned the flame of discontent. The lifestyle of Louis and his aristocratic court were ultimately seen as offensive and obscene by many common citizens.

Madame de Pompadour

Major figure in the Rococo and Neoclassical era

A mistress, friend and advisor to Louis XV and one of the most influential patrons of Rococo art in 18th century France. After a while she ceased to be his mistress, but still wielded significant political influence, and became a leading figure in the French Enlightenment.

Madame de Barry

Major figure in the Rococo and Neoclassical era

Following the death of Madame de Pompadour, Countess Du Barry became the King's official mistress. A great lover of the arts, she was a patron to various painters and craftsmen and helped to nurture the Neoclassical style at Versailles.

Louis XVI

Major figure in the Rococo and Neoclassical era

By the time Louis XVI ascended the throne, Louis XV, his lavish lifestyle, and disregard for the common people had already doomed the monarchy beyond repair. Based his authority on divine right and granted special privileges to the nobles, Catholic clergy, etc. Was ultimately tried, found guilty of treason, and executed by the guillotine, which started the "Reign of Terror."

Marie Antoinette

Major figure in the Rococo and Neoclassical era

Queen Marie Antoinette was the poster child of aristocratic indulgence. She was known for her love of fine clothes and jewels, and was sometimes referred to as "Madame Deficit," the suggestion being that her extravagant spending was bankrupting the country.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Major figure in the Rococo and Neoclassical era

Became the Emperor as he claimed to defend the Revolutions democratic values. Napoléon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader. He rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars.

Maximilien Robespierre

Major figure in the Rococo and Neoclassical era

- followed after Rossueaus' belief in the virtues of natural human feelings.

- Aimed to establish a "Republic of Virtue" made up of democratically honest citizens.

- Led the charge in the French Revolution's "Reign of Terror"

Utopian ideals of a republic based on liberty, equality, and fraternity were ruthlessly put into practice.

Leaders eliminated all of their opponents.

The connection between the Enlightenment and the origins of the French and American Revolutions

- People began to believe more in the power of the individual

- The Enlightenment stressed the idea of natural rights and equality for all French citizens

- People began to be self-aware of how out of touch the nobility were, who were all living in excess while normal people struggled.

- Some of the leaders of the American Revolution were influenced by Enlightenment ideas which are, freedom of speech, equality, freedom of press, and religious tolerance. American colonists did not have these rights, in result, they rebelled against England for independence.

Élisabeth Louise Vigée-Lebrun

Artist influenced by enlightenment sensibilities.

- She was a master of technique, a daring colourist, and a lively portrayer of character who used studio props such as bright red shawls, turbans, plumed hats and ribbons to dramatic effect.

- Loyal to the monarchy.

- Her style epitomized the tendency towards naturalism.

- Painted "Marie Antoinette and her Children"

William Hogarth

- Enlightenment

- Rather than portraying the lifestyle of the upper echelons of society, he focused on the English middle class.

- He attempted to create stories through visual art. Best known for his series of paintings of "modern moral subjects" - marriage a la mode which illustrates the disastrous consequences of marrying for money rather than love.

- Published gin late a print that illustrated life in the gin shops.

- Hogarth is credited with creating a genuinely English style of painting.

- "Moral Modern Subjects" - a series of paintings that told episodic stories. Afterwards engravings would be made of them and they could be sold by subscription. Moral Modern subjects presented stories of contemporary life, focusing on the foibles and vices Hogarth saw in English society.

- Marriage a la Mode: A story about an arranged marriage, wherein a wealthy merchant wants to buy his family's way into aristocracy who pays a ridiculous sum to an aristocratic father who needs cash. Caught in the middle are the merchant's daughter and the aristocrat's son. This arrangement is merely a business transaction - Hogarth aims to show the dark side of these loveless marriage contracts.

Neoclassical art and architecture, its connection to archaeology and antiquity, its reflection of "democratic" values, and its limitations in the 18th century world

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Jacques-Louis David

Neoclassical artist.

- Represents the official revolutionary style

- Painted Oath of the Horatii

- Restored the classical idea of balance between emotion and restraint.

Angelica Kauffmann

- Known for her portraiture, history paintings, and narrative works.

- Classically rendered drapery and the rich palette place her works in the Neoclassical style.

Antonio Canova

Neoclassical artist.

- Classical models with real imagination and creativity.

- Created Pauline Bonaparte Borghese as Venus Victorious

Cool worldly elegance

Napoleon's sister in classical style

Jacques-Germain Soufflot

- Le Pantheon

The history, politics, and 18th century ideals are reflected in the design of Le Pantheon.

References to St. Peters Basilica and Bramante's Tempietto, as well as St. Paul's Cathedral.

Corinthian columns - Roman architecture

Gothic structural approach

The goal was to unite Greek architecture with the lightness and daring of Gothic construction.

Voltaire and Rousseau were buried there.

Thomas Jefferson

- Studied contemporary French neoclassical architecture.

- Embraced a classical model for his home, Monticello

This can be seen in the columned, pedimented portico, the central dome, the symmetry and balance, as well as the regular repetition of shapes.

fêtes galantes

Elegant outdoor fes-tivals attended by courtly figures dressed in the height of fashion, typical of the 18th century Rococo style.

Pediment

In architecture, any triangular shape surrounded by cornices, especially one that surmounts the entablature of the portico facade of a Greek temple.

Portico

A roofed entryway, like a front porch, with columns or a colonnade.

Characteristics of Classical music

- A style used in the second half of the 18th century that evolved to answer musical needs that the Baroque style could not satisfy. Lasted through the early years of the 19th century when it gave way to the Romantic Style.

- After the exuberance of the Baroque period, the characteristics of the ancient times: balance, clarity, and intellectual weight seemed very appealing.

Makeup of the Classical Orchestra

By the 1750s, most instrumental music was written for a standard orchestra, the nucleus of which was formed by the string instruments: violins, violas, cellos, and double bass. Additionally, other instruments such as the oboe, bassoon, and the flute were added, as well as the clarinet.

This allowed classical orchestras to create rich and varied sound combinations.

A Classical Symphony has 4 movements (as opposed to Baroque - 3)

1. Relatively fast one, usually the most complex

2. Slow and songlike with lyrical movements.

3. Minuet (a stately dance)

4. A spirited and usually cheerful conclusion

Joseph Haydn

- one of the first musicians to attain a high social position solely on the strength of his genius.

- This signaled a new relationship between an artist and society that would characterize the 19th century.

- Nicknamed the "Father of the Symphony"

- wrote the "London Symphonies"

The effect of classical literature:

- Poets and scholars began to translate or retranslate the most important classical authors.

- Writers began to produce original works in classical forms, with classical themes and references.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

- combined ease and grace with profound learning in his art and came as near to ideal beauty as anything can.

- Wrote Symphony No. 39

Serene and genial work

The major key, the woodwind instruments, and some phrases in the 1st movement suggest a masonic connection.Symphony No. 40

Written almost entirely in the minor key

Tragic and hopeless

Sonata Form

- Exposition: main melodies or themes of the movement are introduced

- Development: exploration of key themes and spotlighting of different instruments.

- Recapitulation: a "recap" of the exposition.

Wrote operas as well, such as te Dono Sovo, 3rd movement from the play, "Marriage of Figaro"

Expresses the spirit of its age and the universality of human nature.

Sonata Form

Sonata Form

- Exposition: main melodies or themes of the movement are introduced

- Development: exploration of key themes and spotlighting of different instruments.

- Recapitulation: a "recap" of the exposition.

Denis Diderot

created the idea of a vast encyclopedia that would describe the state of contemporary science, technology and thought, and provide a system for the classification of knowledge.

Encyclopedie: became a statement of philosophical position - the extent of human powers and their achievements. Conclusively demonstrated that humans are rational beings.

- Any political or religious system seeking to control the minds of individuals should be condemned.

- Banned by Louis XV.

Johathan Swift

the author of Gulliver's Travels, a novel that satirizes human behavior with the use of the Houyhnhnms: a race of horses whose behavior is governed by reason, as well as the Yahoos: the horses slaves that are human in form and bestial in nature.

Wrote, "A Modest Proposal"

- Satire: the rich should eat the poor, particularly babies.

Mary Wollstonecraft:

- criticized the concept of private property as oppression

- The mother of Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein.

- The first to offer a sustained argument for women's rights and equality.

- Wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"

Women are taught to be charming to men and be self-obsessed and weak in intelligence.

Masculinity is affecting femininity at the time and that's wrong.

-Believed in the failure of education to teach people to think as individuals, with the consequences that they tend to swallow and believe the false ideas of the age.

Know the key ideas and arguments from Discourse on the origin of inequality among men

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau:

- the natural goodness of the human race had been corrupted by the growth of civilization and society.

Humans have enslaved themselves and in doing so have renounced their humanity.

- Humans are good and society is bad.

- "Noble Savage" - the concept of a wild human that has not been corrupted by society and therefore represents humanity's innate goodness.

- Had a contempt for the superficial and praised the simple and direct relationships between individuals.

Symphony

An elaborate musical composition for full orchestra, typically in four movements, at least one of which is traditionally in sonata form.

Origins of the African slave trade, and slavery's challenge to Enlightenment principles.

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Movements

A self-contained section of a larger musical work; the Classical symphony, for example, has four distinct movements.

Sonata Form

A musical form having three sections: exposition (in which the main theme or themes are stated), development, and recapitulation (repetition) of the theme or themes.

Allegro

In music, a quick, lively tempo.

Polyphony

Music with two or more independent melodies that harmonize or are sounded together.

Homophony

In music, homophony is a texture in which a primary part is supported by one or more additional strands that flesh out the harmony. In homophony, one part, usually the highest, tends to predominate and there is little rhythmic differentiation between the parts.

Anna Laetitia Barbauld, original name Anna Laetitia Aikin:

Anna Laetitia Barbauld was a prominent English poet, essayist, literary critic, editor, and author of children's literature. A "woman of letters" who published in multiple genres, Barbauld had a successful writing career at a time when women rarely wrote professionally.

Characteristics of Romanticism

- Emotion over reason, personal/individual feelings, self-analysis, the fantastic and exotic and macabre, nature as transcendent, nationalism/cultural identity, erotic love, the eternal feminine/idealized feminine.

- Emphasis on emotions over reason and imagination over realism, personal hopes over universal truths.

Penchant for the exotic and the fantastic

Resulted in subjectivity over objective visions.

- "Back to Nature" movement as Romanticism provided an escape from grim urbanization.

- Artists during this period met their own needs rather than the needs of patrons.

Francisco Goya

A man considered by many to be the greatest painter among Neoclassicists and Romanticists—however, he associated with neither.

"The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters"

- A visual representation of Goya's conflicting personal views on the effect of the primacy of rationality and order on creativity and human emotion.

- Illustrates the Romantic proclivity for horrifying imagery that plays to the senses, fears, and emotions.

- Official painter to King Charles IV of Spain

"The Family of Charles IV"

- Modeled after Velazquez's "Las Meninas"

- Unflattering realism shows he did not idealize the royals but the familial solidarity shows that it did not accurately portray the circumstances either.

Jean-Louis-Andre-Theodore Géricault

- The depiction of nature as unpredictable and also as uncontrollable was one of his favorite themes.

"The Raft of Medusa"

- Called attention to the mismanagement and ineffectual politics of the French Government as well as the practice of slavery.

- Full of realistic detail and explores the full gamut of human emotion under extreme duress.

Ferdinand Eugene Victor Delacroix

- Delacroix's name is synonymous with Romanticism.

- Many of his paintings involve violent emotions.

"The Massacre at Chios"

- Also called the massacre of painting because of the revolutionary use of color.

- Whereas David and other Neoclassical painters had drawn forms and then filled them in with color, Delacroix used color to create form, resulting in a much more fluid use of paint.

John Constable

- Romantic art in the UK

- Deep and warm love of nature

- Conveys not only the physical beauties of the landscape but also a sense of the less tangible aspects of the natural world.

- "The Hay Wain"

Joseph Mallord William Turner

- All his mature works use light, color, and movement to represent a cosmic union of the elements in which earth, sky, fire, and water dissolve into one another and every trace of the material world disappears.

- "The Slave Ship"

Caspar David Friedrich

- 19th century German Romantic painter, considered by many critics to be one of the finest representatives of the movement.

- his works express the sublimity of nature.

- "Wanderer above a Sea of Mist"

William Wordsworth

- Credited with founding the Romantic movement in English poetry.

- "Lyrical Ballads"

- Poet who wrote Tintern Abbey

-Similar to Thoreau's Walden which discusses leaving civilization to connect more fully with nature.

- Wanted to portray intuition and emotion rather than reason, and to use rural or pastoral settings rather than urban ones.

- More colloquial language

- Emphasized the value of meter.

- Situations from common life

- Ordinary and unusual

George Gordon, aka Lord Byron

- Contrasts Wordsworth, whose emotions were recollected in tranquility

- Moody, passionate, frenzied writing

- Byron spent his time wandering throughout Europe, where he became a living symbol of the unconventional, homeless, tormented Romantic hero who has come to be called Byronic.

- Committed to struggles of liberty

"She Walks in Beauty"

- Iambic tetrameter

- Alliteration: repetition of consonant sounds

Percy Bysshe Shelley

- Expelled from Oxford for publishing hsi atheistic views, he espoused the cause of anarchy and eloped with Mary Mollstonecraft Godwin.

- His poetry united the extremes of feeling, veering from the highest pitch of exultant joy to the deepest despondency.

- His belief in the possibility of human perfection is expressed in his greatest work:

"Prometheus Unbound"

- The means of salvation is the love of human beings for one another.

Mary Shelley

- Quoted famous poets and authors of the Romantic era.

- She was the author of the most renowned Gothic novel of all time - a genre that shares Romantic roots with tales of horror.

- Dwells on the relationship between humans and nature (in the case of Gothic novels, nature gone wrong).

- Inspired by Coleridge and his poems

- Similarities in the descriptions of nature in Shelley's novel and the painting by Caspar David Friedrich.

Franz Schubert

- A highly intimate and poetic form of Romantic self expression

- Finest works were written for small groups of instruments

- Worked on a small scale

- Understated and retiring

- Famous for art songs performed by one singer and one pianist in intimate salons

- Wrote masterpieces focused on the pains of love

emphasized emotion through simplicity such as 1 voice and perhaps 1 instrument

- Vocals accompanied by piano