HIS 101 EXAM 2

bucephalus

• alexander’s horse

alexander the great

• 35,000 men (architects, engineers, botanists, historians)

• conquers persia, syria, lebanon (siege at tyre-port), egypt, palestine, israel

• battle of galgamela: phalanx formation, wins & darius flees

• pushes deeper into asia

• assassination attempts

• empire splits: prolemies (egypt), selevcids (western asia), antigonids (macedonia)

etruscans

• north of rome

• much more advanced

• took over territory where rome was

• huge influence on rome (architecture + sculpture, engineering + roads, the color purple, language)

• roman’s overthrew

struggle of the orders

• patricians (wealth, land, power - nobles)

vs.

• plebeians (commoners, no money, no power - politically as well

• plebeians serve in the army, pay taxes, protest weapons (tension that leads to concessions)

• plebeian assembly, two tribunes

two consuls

• temporary dictator (1 yr)

• executive branch

• the senate: nobles of a certain age (32) legislative branch

• the centuriate assembly

law of the twelve tables

• romes first written law (copied solon)

• no using magic on crops

• no slavery for debt payment

• you can kill an intruder at night

• paternity

• women are not mature until 25 (levity of mind)

• bribery is death penalty

• intermarriage between patrician & plebeian banned (eventually allowed)

• plebeian assembly could pass laws, had actual power

• tribunes very powerful

• patricians still retained control

• the patron client relationship

expansion of roman republic

• uniting the italian peninsula

• the punic wars with carthage

third punic war

• win

• unnecessary & gratuitous

• window into the deteriorating character

• phase 3: took macedonia, egypt, eastern asia

the battle of cannae

• hannibal defeats rome

consequences of roman expansion

• incorporate laws of other territories

• beneficial for businesses (supply contracts)

• outsourced tax collection (no civil service & exploits conquered people)

• blingification

• slavery

collapse of roman empire

• didn’t realize it had become an empire (defeated all foreign enemies)

spartacus

• leads a slave rebellion

• later defeated

agricultural crisis

• former soldiers returning from war, patrician - latifundia

• in seek of land/shelter

therius gracchus

• helps veterans by giving them land (very popular)

• elected tribune

• senate is worried

gaius gracchus

• widens supporter base

• elected tribune senate

• land redistribution

• half price grain

• senate goes to war & kills 3,000 followers

general marius

• senate gave a rise to generals

• swear loyalty

• defeated by sulla

julius caesar “the bald adulterer”

• senate orders him to return to rome without troops (worried about popularity)

• rubicon (river/border)

• defeats pompey & appointed dictator for 10 years

• create order: lower taxes in provinces, governors-provinces answer to him, stopped fleecing of the provinces. extended citizenship, set up public work schemes & beautify city, reorganized government & reformed courts, relocated 100,000 veterans & gave them land

• brutus & cassius assassins

octavian augustus

• defeats cleopatra & mark anthony at battle of actium

• becomes first roman emperor

• ruled in “partnership” with senate “yes men”

• offered to surrender power (camouflaged his use of power)

• senate title augustus

• importance of family, do as i say not as i do

POLICIES

• reformed army (retirement bonuses)

• used army to secure borders

• invested in infrastructure (water supply/aqueducts)

• police force & fire service

• free grain & games for poor “bread & circuses”

• brought the rest of italy into the gold

• fought to eradicate tax abuse + corruption

• started the great imperial bureaucracy (civil service + fair tax collection)

the five good emperors

1. nerva (designated heir)

2. trajan (“may you be luckier than augustus and better than trajan” + enlarged/enriched)

3. hadrian (first non-ronan to become emperor - born in spain - put down second hebrew revolt — jews out of jerusalem)

4. antonius plus (improved legal system, peaceful)

5. marcus ourelius (philosopher + challenges, disease from parthians (fought in armenia)

pax romana

• life of happiness

• 53,000 miles of roads

• brought fresh water to mullions

• built new cities

• made the seas safe

• improved slave conditions (declining numbers)

• improved women conditions (no forced marriage, independence, freedom — marriage “sacred”, poetry groups)

• engineering (central heating, architecture, medicine - galen)

• law romes greatest legacy to civilization (law of nations (civil law & gus gentian))

decline of roman empire (third century)

• citizenship for all

• military anarchy (roman army disproves, room character recruits, disarrray)

• army not defending borders (germanic tribes invade)

• persians attach eastern europe

• causes economic repercussions (disrupting trade, people flee cities, currency devalued, deflation, no loyalty in ouster fringes

emperor diocletian

• strict control of empire

• takes away freedoms

• expands army & creates a militarized state

• more eastern favor

• creates tetrarchy (rule by four) — subdivided empire (east & west)

476 AD

• germanics take rome & collapse of the roman empire in the west

• eastern empire survives

origins of christianity

• issues (the historians dilemma)

• was born & crucified (facts)

• did not write anything down & nothing was written about him decades after his death while promoting a new religion

• jewish

sadducees

• nobles, controlled temple in jerusalem

• strict of the mosaic law

• torah

pharisees

• more liberal approach

wailing wall

• jewish was of liberation

• siege of jerusalem, destroy temple & the wall

st. paul

• despised jewish christian’s

• read to damascus

• converts

• first great missionary

• turns into sect into a world religious

• gentility (non-jews) can be converted

• breaks away from judaism

• christianity

• spread made possible by roman empire

• spike kolne dialect

• rome made travel safe

• emperors periodically persecuted christian’s

bishop/pope

• most important position

• bishop of rome (supremacy)

• early church gets richer/powerful

• bishop influential palaces

who wrote city of god

augustine of hippo

battle of adrianople

• defeat for the eastern roman empire at the hands of gothic rebels

• led by fritigern