chapter 10: Understanding Individual Behavior

self-efficacy

is an individual's strong belief that he or she can accomplish a specific task or outcome successfully, one dimension of self-confidence.

self-confidence

refers to general assurance in one's own ideas, judgment, and capabilities

self-awareness

means being aware of the internal aspects of one's nature, such as personality traits, beliefs, emotions, attitudes, and perceptions, and appreciating how your patterns affect other people.

soliciting feedback

seeking feedback to enhance self-awareness improves performance and job satisfaction

self assessment

reflection to gain insights

introspection-reflecting on our experiences , examining the effects of our actions and behavior, looking at the consequences for ourselves and others...

attitude

is a cognitive and affective evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way, contagious

positive, happy=moral, productivity, quality increase

job satisfaction

a positive attitude toward one's job

organizational commitment

refers to the loyalty to an engagement with one's work organization

organizational citizenship

refers to work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as need to the organizations success

cognitive dissonance

is a psychological discomfort that occurs when two attitudes or an attitude and a behavior conflict

perception

is the cognitive process that people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment

perception process

observe: observe information via the senses

screen: screening information and selection what to process

organize: organizing the selected data into pattern for interpretation and response

perceptual distortions

are errors in perceptual judgment that results from inaccurate in any part of the perception process

stereotyping

refers to the tendency to assign an individual's group or broad category and then attribute generalizations about the group to the individual

halo effect

occurs when a perceiver develops an overall impression of a person or situation based on one characteristic, either favorable or unfavorable

attributions

are judgments about what caused a person's behavior-either characteristics of the person or of the situation

internal v.s external

fundamental attribution error

is a tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another person's behavior and to overestimate the influence of internal factors

self-serving bias

is the tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures

big 5 personality factors

-extroversion

-agreeableness

-conscientiousness

-emotional stability

-openness to experience

extroversion

the degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, assertive, and comfortable with interpersonal relationships

agreeableness

the degree to which a person is able to get along with others by being good-natured, likable, cooperative, forgiving, understanding, and trusting.

conscientiousness

the degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement-oriented

emotional stability

the degree to which a person is calm, enthusiastic, and self-confident, rather that tense, depressed, moody, or insecure

openness to experience

the degree to which a person has a broad range of interests and is imaginative, creative, artistically sensitive, and willing to consider new ideas

locus of control

defines whether an individual places the primary responsibility for his successes and failures within himself or on outside forces

personality

is a set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in responses to ideas, objects, or people in the environment

authoritarianism

is the belief that power and status differences should exist withing an organization

machiavellianism

refers to the tendency to direct one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of other people for personal gain

sensation-thinking

-emphasizes details, facts, certainty

-decisive, applied thinker

-focuses on short term, realistic goals

-develops rules and regulations for judging performance

intuitive-thinking

-prefers dealing with theoretical or technical problems

-is a creative, progressive, perceptive thinker

-focuses on the possibilities using impersonal analysis

-is able to consider a number of options and problems simultaneously

sensation-feeling

-shows concern for current, real-life human problems

-is pragmatic, analytical, methodical, and conscientious

-emphasizes detailed facts about people rather than tasks

-focuses on structuring organizations for the benefit of people

intuitive-feeling

-avoids specifics

-is charismatic, participative, people oriented, and helpful

-focuses on general views, broad themes, and feelings

-decentralizes decision making, develops few rules and regulations

myers-brigggs type indicator

assessment measures a person's preferences for introversion versus extroversion, sensation versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perceiving

emotion

is a mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes

emotional intelligence

-self-awareness

-self-management

-social awareness

-relationship management

self-awareness

being aware of what you are feeling, accurately assess your own strengths and limitations

self-management

the ability to control disruptive or harmful emotions and balance one's moods so that worry, anxiety, fear, or anger do not cloud thinking and get in the way of what needs to be done

-hopeful despite setbacks

-longterm goals

social awareness

the ability to understand others and practice empathy, which means being able to put yourself in someone else's shoes, to recognize what others are feeling without them needing to tell you

relationship management

the ability to connect to others, build positive relationships, respond to the emotions of others, and influence others

-listen and communicate clearly, compassion and respect

self-management

is the ability to engage in self regulating thoughts and behavior to accomplish all your tasks and handle difficult or challenging situations

three basic principles of self management

clarity of mind

clarity of objectives

organized system

managing your time

1. empty your head

2. decide the next action

-do it

-delegate it

-defer it

3. get organized

4. perform a weekly review

5. now do it

stress

is an individuals physiological and emotional response to external stimuli that places physical or psychological demands on the individual and create uncertainty and lack of personal control when important outcomes are at stake

challenge stress

fires you up

threat stress

burns you out

type a behavior

pattern includes extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work

type b behavior

pattern of behavior exhibits less conflict with other people and a more balanced, relaxed lifestyle

causes of work stress

-task demands-arising from the tasks required of a person hold a particular job

-interpersonal demands -associated with relationships in the organization

role ambiguity

people are unclear about what task behaviors are expect of them

role conflict

occurs when an individual perceives incompatible demand from others

combat stress

-seek and destroy key sources of stress

-find meaning and support

-meditate and manage your energy

-find work-life balance

managers and organization can increase employees’ resilience

-provide social support

-give employees more control

grit

an individual’s passion and persistence for achieving a long-term goal

emotional contagion

the tendency of people to absorb and express the emotions, mood, and attitudes of those around them.

negativity bias

the term used in psychology to describe how the human mind reacts more quickly and strongly to perceived bad things than it does to good things

clarity of mind

anything you consider unfinished needs to be placed in a trusted system outside of your head

clarity of objectives

you have to be clear about exactly what you need to do and decide the steps to take toward accomplishing it

an organized system

you need to keep reminders in a well-organized system

resilience

the capacity to preserve and to bounce back from adversity, conflict, and failure

task demands

stressors arising from the tasks required of a person holding a particular job

interpersonal demands

stressors associated with relationships in the organization