Corrections Exam 4 Review

During the conservative era of the 1980s, there was a resurgence of which theoretical perspectives?

Deterrence/rational choice

Reduces crime by way of physical restraint and lost opportunity

Incapacitation

Designates a required period of incarceration for offenses, even first offenses

Mandatory minimum sentences

The number of women in prison ____ in the 80s and 90s

increased

Most women are not incarcerated for ___ offenses

Violent

Most women are incarcerated for

Property or drug offenses

Acts of deviance that occur after an individual has adopted a deviant self-identity are called

Secondary deviance

The emphasis of deinstitutionalization movement was focused on prohibiting the commitment of

Status offenders

Conservative correctional approaches in the 80s and 90s resulted in

Mass incarceration

What term refers to the 1981—1991 increase in percentage of inmates 55 and older?

The graying of the inmate population

Three rationales used to justify incarceration in the 80s and 90s were

Deterrence, incapacitation, and retribution

Intermediate sanctions were problematic due to high rates of technical violations, resulting in prison sentences

True

Primary deviance is

deviant behavior that is not necessarily a crime

The person who came up with primary and secondary deviance is

Edwin Lemert (1951)

Who came up with labeling theory and “the dramatization of evil” first?

Frank Tannenbaum (1938)

What happens to those who are “labeled”?

They participate less in conventional activities and more in deviant subcultures

Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968

Created the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration; aimed to provide alternatives to incarceration

Types of diversion programs (from most to least formal)

Legal, paralegal, non-legal

Did deinstitutionalization work? Why/why not?

No, because programs and polices were not implemented properly

Neoconservative criminology states three main sources of crime—what are they?

Free will/rationality, declining morality, and biology

General Incapacitation

increases incarceration and sentence length for all offenders

Selective Incapacitation

targets specific offender types, typically drug or violent offenders

Difference to original deterrence theory in 80s/90s deterrence theory

Abandonment of proportionality, with long sentences instead of moderate ones

The “War on Drugs” primarily focused on

use, possession, and trafficking of crack cocaine

Sentencing reform in the 80s/90s introduced

sentencing guidelines, elimination of parole, habitual offender statutes, mandatory minimums

sentencing guidelines

recommended sentences, meant to reduce judicial corruption and increase uniformity in sentencing

elimination of parole

some states replaced it with supervised release

habitual offender statutes

allowed judges to exceed sentencing guidelines for repeat offenders

mandatory minimums

fixed minimum sentences for certain offenses

intermediate punishments

meant to reduce overcrowding; more restrictive than probation but less severe than incarceration

truth in sentencing laws

require offenders to serve at least 85% of their originally imposed sentence

three strikes legislation

imposes life without parole upon a third felony conviction

death penalty in the 80s/90s

use increased, and laws expanded the range of eligible offenses and aggravating circumstances