Test 4- Santrock, chap 12, Calvin forum, smith, Tatum, guano questions

Expect a question about Carol Gilligan: Among the outcomes for children who experience disasters are acute stress reactions

depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder

The likelihood that a child will face these problems following a disaster depends on factors such as

the nature and severity of the disaster and the type of support available to the child

children who have developed a number of coping techniques have the best chance of

adapting and functioning competently in the face of disasters and trauma

the term dose-response effects is often used. A widely supported finding in this research area is that

the more severe the disaster or trauma (dose), the worse the adaptation and adjustment (response) following the event

Researchers have offered some recommendations for parents, teachers, and other adults caring for children after a disaster (Gurwitch & others, 2001):

Reassure children (numerous times, if necessary) of their safety and security.

Allow children to retell events and be patient in listening to them.

Encourage children to talk about any disturbing or confusing feelings, reassuring them that such feelings are normal after a stressful event.

Protect children from re-exposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma—for example, by limiting discussion of the event in front of the children.

Help children make sense of what happened, keeping in mind that children may misunderstand what took place. For example, young children “may blame themselves, believe things happened that did not happen, believe that terrorists are in the school, etc. Gently help children develop a realistic understanding of the event”

Recall that Piaget proposed that younger children are characterized by heteronomous morality but that by 10 years of age

they have moved into a higher stage called autonomous morality

Carol who argues that Kohlberg’s theory reflects

a gender bias

According to Gilligan, Kohlberg’s theory is based on

a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others and sees the individual as standing alone and independently making moral decisions. It puts justice at the heart of morality.

In contrast with Kohlberg’s justice perspective, Gilligan argues for a

for a care perspective, which is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

According to Gilligan, Kohlberg greatly underplayed the care perspective, perhaps because

he was a male, because most of his research was with males rather than females, and because he used male responses as a model for his theory.

a meta-analysis casts doubt on Gilligan’s claim of substantial gender differences in moral judgment

a review concluded that girls’ moral orientations are “somewhat more likely to focus on care for others than on abstract principles of justice, but they can use both moral orientations when needed (as can boys . . .)”

Expect a question about peer pressure: Young adolescents conform more to peer standards than

children do

Around the eighth and ninth grades, conformity to peers—especially to their antisocial standards

peaks

adolescents are more likely than Japanese adolescents to put pressure on

their peers to resist parental influence

Also, a recent study found that boys were more likely to be influenced by peer pressure involving

sexual behavior than were girls

Binge drinking

- How many drinks in a row (i.e., in one sitting/one party) constitute binge drinking (Fig 3)?

five or more alcoholic drinks in a row

Binge drinking

- How many weeks do researchers “count back” to determine whether to classify you as a “current” binge drinker.

five or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the previous two weeks.

Binge drinking

Know what age group does the most binge drinking (Fig 3).

21-22

Gunnoe pp. 55-57 (Stages 5 & 6)

Recall: The names of both stages

Stage four: industry versus inferiority (age 6 to puberty)

Stage five: indentity versus role confusion (adolescent)

Two C’s (recall, also covered in lecture) Erikson

Coherent and feels Chosen

“irreversibly given” Erikson

body type, temperament, giftedness, and vulnerability, infantile models, life experiences

Sameness

the stage five adolescent feels an intense need to pin down ”who I am” and would rather have a coherent identity (I am not worth much and we can all concur) than be exposed as a fraudWhat Erikson criticized Americans for

What Erikson criticized Americans for

Individualistic societies take existing commitments less seriously than erikson did

Stage 6

      Capacity to distance

Erikson’s two explanations for a lack of healthy adult relationships (recall at least one)

first process, people resist close relationships because they are still absorbed in identity work and fear that an intense relationship might do the definitional work the self has not completed yet

in the second process, the person too-readily relies on close relationships to define the self

Tatum

Encounter stage

typically precipitated by an event or series of events that force the young person to acknowledge the personal impact of racism.

When the environmental cues change and the world

begins to reflect his Blackness back to him more clearly, he will probably enter the _ stage

unfolds in late adolescence and early adulthood

Tatum Institutionalized cues

secondary schools use "ability grouping," or tracking. Though school

administrators often defend their tracking practices as fair and objective, there usually is a recognizable racial pattern to how children are assigned, which often represents the system of advantage operating in the schools. In racially mixed schools, Black children are much more

likely to be in the lower track than in the honors track. Such apparent sorting along racial lines sends a message about what it means to be Black

Tatum Oppositional identity

Unfortunately for Black teenagers, those cultural stereotypes do not usually include academic achievement. Academic success is more

often associated with being White.

Tatum Racelessness

Academically successful Black student$ also need a strategy to find acceptance among their White classmates.

wherein individuals assimilate into the dominant group by de-emphasizing-characteristics that might identify them as members of the subordinate group

Tatum Emissary

someone who sees his or her own achievements as advancing the cause of the racial group

in response to the accusation of acting White, connected his achievement to that of other Black men by saying, "Martin Luther King must not have been Black; then, since he had a doctoral degree, and Malcolm X must not

have been .Black since he educated himself while in prison."

Tatum Reasons for not being at the Black table

Continued encounters with racism and

access to new culturally relevant information

Smith

(Note that this assignment is two chapters long; don’t stop at the Chap 4 “Conclusion”)

Chap 4: When parents and children overtly disagree on religious values, do differences typically cause overt conflict?

The text suggests no.
Instead of open conflict, disagreement is often:

• muted

• indirect

• avoided to preserve family harmony

How do nonreligious teens usually feel about religion? (generally a good thing or bad thing?)

• generally positive or socially useful, even if not personally meaningful

• not usually hostile toward it

Which two major religious groups tend to be most articulate about their faith?

Evangelical Protestants and Latter-day Saints,

Explanation Smith gives for most teens’ inarticulateness.

especially structural disconnect + weak transmission of tradition

• religion is not deeply or consistently taught in a way that produces structured understanding

• adults often fail to clearly transmit religious language and beliefs

• youth are socialized into individualized, experience-based thinking rather than doctrinal reasoning

Five basic principles of Moral Therapeutic Deism (MTD).

• A God exists who created the world

• God wants people to be good, nice, and fair

• The central goal of life is happiness and self-esteem

• God is mostly distant unless needed to solve problems

• Good people go to heaven

With respect to MTD:  How it is moralistic? How is it therapeutic? (state/recall)

• Moralistic:
  Religion is mainly about being “good,” “nice,” and “fair.”

• Therapeutic:
  Religion is mainly about:

  • feeling good

  • being happy

  • achieving personal well-being

Chap 5: Seven hypotheses/explanations Smith gives for the rise of MTD (be able to recall/explain at least 3 of these in 1-2 sentences each)

• Therapeutic individualism – self and feelings become moral authority

• Mass-consumer capitalism – religion becomes a product chosen by preference

• Digital communication revolution – fragmented, unstructured knowledge weakens tradition

• Residual positivism/empiricism – belief requires “proof,” undermining faith

• Structural disconnect from adults – teens lack sustained adult religious guidance

• Adults with problems – undermines credibility of religion tied to adults

• Cultural contradictions – society sends mixed moral messages (sex, success, authority, etc.)

(Calvin forum) are  ___________________________ with themselves because of sin

displeased

  ________________that their sins are pardoned

nevertheless trust

________________ more and more to strengthen their faith and lead a better life.

desire

What sacrament of initiation into the covenant community did God’s children receive in the Old Testament (OT)? _____________________________

Circumcision

In confessional churches, this initiation sacrament has now been replaced in most churches by the (N.T.) sacrament of  ___________________________.

Baptism

In the O.T., the sacraments of nurture were communal celebrations like the Sabbath and Passover meals. Beirma argues that N.T. sacrament of nurture is _________________________.

The Lord’s Supper (also called communion / Eucharist)

How, according to Bierma, has the CRC been inconsistent in the past with regard to younger children’s participation in the sacraments?

The CRC has often affirmed that children fully belong to the covenant community (and receive baptism), but has excluded them from the Lord’s Supper, even though both sacraments are covenant signs.

By “sacrament” we mean, first and foremost, something that _________ does, not something _______ do. Put another way, a sacrament is a means of receiving God’s grace. (recall)

A sacrament is something that God does, not something we do.

What theological position on children at the table is most consistent with the theology/practice of baptizing infants?

baptized children are covenant members and therefore may be admitted to the Table, with guidance appropriate to their maturity.

When does a child begin to engage in self-evaluation?

By 5 - conscience/guilt;

Middle childhood - social reciprocity, distinction between moral absolutes and social convention, global self-esteem based on multiple domains simultaneously

Chap 12: Know the content associated with pp. 325-336.

What is secure attachment in adults?

Comfort with closeness, trust in partners, and low fear of rejection or abandonment.

What is avoidant attachment in adults?

Discomfort with closeness, emotional distance, and reluctance to depend on others.

What is anxious attachment in adults?

Strong need for closeness, fear of rejection, jealousy, and high relationship anxiety.

How are childhood and adult attachment related?

Early attachment can influence adult romantic patterns, but it is not fixed and can change with experience.

What does research say about stability of attachment over time?

Attachment shows moderate stability, but stressful life events can weaken early patterns.

Gwenna & Greg Case

Q: What does Gwenna do in her relationship decision-making?

She communicates clearly, sets boundaries, and establishes a time limit for commitment.

What does Greg’s response suggest about his commitment?

He is uncertain and avoids defining concrete steps or timelines for commitment.

What relationship skill does Gwenna demonstrate?

Emotional regulation and healthy boundary setting without pressure or pursuit.

How does this example relate to attachment theory?

Gwenna reflects secure functioning; Greg reflects avoidant or commitment-ambivalent behavior.

Erikson & Development

Q: What is Erikson’s stage in early adulthood?

Intimacy vs. isolation.

What is intimacy according to Erikson?

The ability to form close, committed relationships while maintaining a sense of self.

What happens if intimacy is not achieved?

Isolation, loneliness, and difficulty forming close relationships.

Love Types

Q: What is romantic (passionate) love?

Love based on passion, sexual attraction, and strong emotional intensity.

What is affectionate (companionate) love?

Deep affection, trust, and long-term emotional bonding with less passion.

What is Sternberg’s triangle of love

Love consists of passion, intimacy, and commitment.

What is consummate love?

The complete form of love with high passion, intimacy, and commitment.

What is infatuation in Sternberg’s theory?

Passion only, without intimacy or commitment.

Intimacy & Relationships

Q: What is intimacy in relationships?

Emotional closeness, self-disclosure, and sharing private thoughts.

Why is intimacy important in adulthood?

It supports emotional connection and is central to forming stable romantic relationships.

Romantic Relationships & Development

Q: What changes occur in emerging adult relationships?

Relationships often become less turbulent, with decreased jealousy and control.

What role does communication play in relationship education?

It improves conflict resolution, problem-solving, and relationship satisfaction.

Cohabitation

Q: What is cohabitation?

Living together in a sexual relationship without being married.

What are some risks of cohabitation?

Less legal protection, possible family disapproval, and higher instability in some cases.

Does cohabitation always predict divorce?

No. Risk depends on factors like timing, commitment, and relationship context.

Marriage & Well-being: What are benefits of a good marriage?

Better physical health, lower stress, and longer lifespan.

What factors are linked to divorce risk?

Low education, early marriage, low income, conflict, infidelity, and substance abuse.