psy final

psyche

mind/soul

logos

study

First APA female president

Mary Whiton Calkins

APA establish date

1892

Declining birth rates year

2020

Main reason for declining birth rates

economic uncertainty

science

systematic study using oversvation and experimentation

precursor to American psychology

Empiricism

What are neural impulses

Electrical signals that travel down neurons to transmit info in the nervous system

what two concepts the skinner box is based on?

Reinforcement, punishment

Sigmund Freud

Most controversial psychological theorist

sigmund freud theory

Psychoanalytic theory - emphasizes the importance on unconscious metal processing in shaping feelings

sigmund freud theory

Psychoanalysis - therapy to bring unconscious material into conscious awareness

What is Sigmund Freud 3 levels of mind?

Conscious, preconscious, unconscious

correlation

doesn't mean causation (ice cream and murder)

Psychologist code of ethics

informed consent, confidentiality. privacy, benefits, deception

Main concern of psychological theory

Structuralism: breaks mind into parts, Functionalism: how mind adapt and survive Behaviorism: observable behavior Humanism, free will, personal growth, reaching full potential Psychoanalytic, unconscious mind and childhood experiences

Origin of the term Hysteria

unconscious conflict

Reasons we learn about scientific psychology

understand behavior scientifically, think critically abut claims, apply to real life

Independent variable

manipulated

Dependent variable

measured

Dunn's study on happiness

spending money on others is happier than on selves

what are the two nervous system cells

Neurons - essential for all the task of the nervous system glial cells - allow neuronal communication, transport nutrients

cell body

keeps the cell alive

Dendrite

Receives info from other neurons relays it to cell body

Axon

Transmits info to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Myelin sheath

Provides insulating layer of fatty material

Gligal cells

supports cells found in nervous system

Synapse

region between axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body

Name an autoimmune disorder which involves the myelin sheath.

multiple sclerosis

Differentiate the three types of neurons and know their function

Sensory neurons - Receive signals for light touch tase convey info to brain Interneurons - Connect sensory neurons, motor neuron, motoneurons - carry signals to muscles to produces movement

Neuronal communication

Neuronal communication is made with neurons specialized structures, conduction and transmission

Agonist drugs

Drugs that increase the action on neurotransmitter

Antagonist drugs

drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter

what is the CNS

brain and spinal cord - receives sensory info from external world

what is PNS

all nerves outside CNS, carry messages to and from CNS

What is the endocrine system

a network of glands that produce chemical substances know as hormones

what is the endocrine systems major glands

pituitary - master gland, messenger hormones control others, Thyroid - Releases hormones that regulate growth, Adrenal - sit atop kidneys hormones in stress response, Pancreases - Regulate blood sugar levels, Gonads - sexual hormones

Function of endocrine system

several basic functions, metabolism, growth, sexual maturation

What are the hemishperes

Left - Producing and understanding speech

Right - processes non-verbal info and recognizes visual-spatial

Lobes

Frontal - reasoning, motor control emotion, language,

Parietal

Processing info from the body's senses

Occipital

Processes visual info

Temporal

Responsible for hearing and language

Divisions

Forebrain - highest level of brain, complex cognitive functions

Hindbrain

- coordinates info coming into and out of the spinal cord

Midbrain

- important for orientation and movement

Disorders linked to brain

Orbitofrontal cortex: OCD

Amygdala activation:

Mood disorders

Low serotonin:

Depression

Dopamine hypothesis

: schizophrenia

Limbic system

group of forebrain structures involved in motivation emotion learning

Hippocampus

critical for creating new memories and integrating them

Amygdala

plays central role in many emotional processes, formation of emotional memories

Hypothalamus

regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior

Sensation

deceting stimuli from the environment

Perception

interpreting and making sense of sensory info

Transduction

converting physical energy into neural signals

subliminal messages

stimuli below conscious awareness

absolute threshold

minimum level of stimulus needed to detect something

Weber's law

noticeable difference between two stimuli depends on their proportional difference

Cornea

barrier between inner eye and outside world, focusing light waves that enter eye

Pupil

small opening in the eye through which light passes through

Fovea

small indentation in the back of the eye

Cones

specialized types of photoreceptors that work best in bright light conditions

Rods

another type of photoreceptor that work best in low light levels

What can we see on visible spectrum of light?

can see red to violet

cannot see

gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves

Optic nerve

Carries visual info from retina to brain

Optic chiasm

x shaped structure that sits below cerebral cortex at front of brain

Visual field processing

pathway from the occipital love to parietal regions, location objects track movements, left goes right right goes left

Ventral steam

What we see

Dorsal stream

Where we see

Cortical blinds

damage to primary visual cortex causes loss of conscious vison but a person may still respond to visual stimuli without being aware of seeing it

How soundwaves travel?

sound waves travel along auditory canal

pitch v loudness

pitch (frequency) and loudness (decibels)

Sound Localization

where we determine where a sound is coming from

monaural v binaural cues

monaural cues: use one ear, up down, front back

binaural cues:

use both ears, side to side

Outer ear

collect sound waves and funnels them inward

Middle ear

amplifies sound vibartions

Inner ear

converts vibrates into neural signals

Bones of ear

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

Temporal theory

Frequency is code by the activity level as a sensory neuron, 20-20,000 hz

place theory

different portions of basilar membrane sensitive to sound of different frequencies

congenital deafness

born without hearing

Conductive hearing loss

blockage of ear canal

Sensorineural hearing loss

failure to transmit neural signals, damage to ear drum

Structuralism (wundt)

breaks consciousness into basic parts

Functionalism (james)

focuses on the purpose of consciousness and behavior

Gestalt

Emphasizes whole perception

Freud

behavior driven by unconscious thoughts

Behaviorists

study only observable behavior

Emotion

A complex psychological state involving feelings, psychological arousal, and behavior

emotion v mood

emotion, short term, intense response to specific stimuli, mood, longer lasting, less intense emotional state

components of emotion

physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience

James-Lange Theory

Emotions arise from physiological arousal

Cannon-Bard Theory

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

Emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive