Globalization 2 - Exam 2 (China, Japan, Iran, and Russia)

confucianism

• philosophy and system of ethics and etiquette of social harmony

• Focused on social harmony, proper behavior, and respect for family and authority, which shaped Chinese society, government, and family for centuries, defines the status and roles of each member

confucianist exam

civil service exam to selct scholar-bureaucrats for government jobs

early chinese economy

• taxation and commerce-standard measurement

• paper currency

• argiculture includes grain, tea, and silk

Mongol rule (Yuan Dynasty) → 1271 - 1368

• economy flourished, abolished confucian exams, collapsed due to flood and rebellion

• led by Kublai Khan ruled china

• united under Mongol control but resentament of barabarian led to resentment

Ming Dynasty (Han rule) → 1368 - 1644

• strong eocnomy w/ trade of porcelain, silk, silver

• decline w/ corruption and peasent uprisings and rebellion

• overthrew Mongol

• focused on restoring Confucian institutions and economic flourishing

Qing Dynasty (Manchu Rule) → 1644 - 1912

• maintained Confucian bureaucratic structure (hierarchical social order)

• Expanded empire - pushed Mongols further North

• resisted Western trade

• excellent horsemen and archers

• began strongly but was weakened under foreign pressures and internal rebellion - legal code to punish local rebellions

canton system

The Qing limited foreign trade to one city, Canto, under strict control and regulations; tensions with Western powers demanding freer trade; traders must leave at the end of trading season

Macartney Mission/Embassy → 1792 - 1793

• british attmept to open China to trade but rejected by Qing emperor

• goals: open Chinese ports to British merchants, ambassador went to the Qing court, improve trading conditions at Canton, display British welath and power

Opium

grown and processed in British India

Opium czar

Lin Zexu, a Chinese Qing dynasty official who launched a massive anti-drug campaign by destroying British opium in Canton, leading to firtst Opium War

First Opium war (1839 - 1842)

war between Britian and china over opium trade and trade rights; British victory focred china into unequal treaties (Treaty of Nanjing and Treaty of Bogue) and trade concessions

Treaty of Nanjing

China lost Hong Kong, ended canton system, 5 ports opened to Biritan, ended opium war

Treaty of Bogue

follow up treaty that gave Birtian most favored nation stauts and extraterrtorial rights

Taiping Rebellion (1850 - 1864)

• massive civil war, 20 - 30 million deaths, weakened Qing government

• efficiency of the central government declined

• lead by Hung Hinguan

Hung Hiuguan

• lead the Taiping Rebellion

• claimed to be brother of Jesus

• aimed to reform China socially and relgiously

Second Opium War (1856 - 1858)

• more ports opened, foreigners allowed inland China

• britian and france fought China to open more trade rights

• China’s legal sovereignty eroded further

Sino-Japanese War (1894 - 1895)

• Qing Dynasty vs Japan

• China loses Tawian and Korea to Japan

Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s & 1870s)

• Chinese reform movement to modernize military, industry, and education while keeping Confucian traditions

• some modernization, but ultimately failed to stop western and Japanese advances

Boxer Rebellion (1898 - 1901)

• anti-foreginer uprising crushed by western powers

• laid siege to the foregin embassies in Bejing

Xhinhai Revolution (1911 revolution)

fall of the Qing Dynasty, establishment of the Republic of China under Sun Yat - Sen, ended imperical rule in China

Sun Yat-Sen

leader after the 1911 revolution, western-educated founded Kuomintang (KMT), promoted democracy, nationalism, and economic welfare

Kuomintang (KMT)

nationalist political party founded by Sun Yat-Sen aiming to unify China and modernize it

Yuan Shikai

• president that secceeded Sun Yat-Sen

• restored the monarchy in 1915

• disunity and local warloads fought KMT, wars rafed between 1912 and 1928

Warload Era (1916 - 1928)

• local warloads compete for power = national disunity

• period of choas when local military leaders controlled different regions of China after the fall of central authority

• opeend door to Japanese aggression adn communist

Chiang Kai-Shek

• succeeded Sun Yat-sen as leader of the KMT

• KMT expelled communist

Second Sino-Japenese War (1937 - 1945)

Japanese invasion took control of the north and areas along the coast, including the Rape of Nanjing

Rape of Nanjing

large-scale acts of extreme violence committed by Japanese soldiers during the invasion of China’s capital during the Second Sino-Japanese war

Japan’s twenty-one demands (1915)

Japan demands during WWI that would have made China a virtual protectorale of Japan; increased Chinese resentment against Japan

Cairo Conference (1943)

Chiang Kai-Shek meet with/ Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill about Asia’s future after war, agreed that territories taken by Japan should be restored to China

Chinese Civil War (1927 - 1946)

• Nationalists (KMT under Chiang Kai-Shek) vs communists (Mao Tse-tung) which was interrupted by WWII

• end in communist victory in 1949

• end of imperialism in China

Communism under Mao

• first 5 year plan

• great leap forward

• cultural revolution

First Five Year Plan (1953 - 1957)

• economic plan modeled on the USSR focused on rapid industrialization and collectivization

• set stage for more radical policies

• advances in agriculture

Great Leap Foward (1958 - 1961)

• failed industrialization, mass famine, million dead

• used mass mobilization of peasants

Cultural revolution (1966 - 1969)

• Mao’s compaing to elimate bourgeois enemies

• call for youths (red guards) to engage in post-revolutionary class warfare

• elimate “counter-revolutionaries”

• widespread persection, destruction of cultural heritage, and servere economic/social disruption

Deng Xiaoping

• successor of Mao

• economic liberalization (capitalism mixed w/ communism)

• socalism w/ chinese characterisitics

Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)

• pro democracy protests crushes in Bejing brutally suppressed by chinese military foreces

• thousands killed or injuried

• showed the chinese government unwillingness to allow political reform

feudalism

• land ownership and military service exchanged for loyalty

• The emperor remained, but chiefly as a religious figure rather than a political ruler

shoguns

real governmnet lat in hands of military leaders

daimyo

great lords, used their resources to hire professional soldiers

samurai

devoted to daimyo lords and to warrior code of loyalty, honor, adn self-sacrifice

peasants and artisans

masses at the bottom of power structure

Tokugawa Shogunate (1603 - 1868)

• centralized feudal government founded by Tokugawa leyasi

• peace and order but isolation and techniology stagnation

• shogun have power to move, destroy, and create Diamyo

• banned christianity

arrival of Portuguese → 1543

introduced guns, chrisitanity, and european trade durign Jpaan’s Warring states period, ttemporary foregin influence

Sakoku edict → 1635

• under Tokugawa Iemitsu

• isolates from foreign powers

• Japanese must not travel overseas to bring in foreign ideas

• Christianity banned

• Only limited Dutch and Chinese trade to Nagasaki

• Isolation preserved Japanese culture but limited modernization

• portuguese merchants expelled from Japan

Shimabara Rebellion (1637 - 1638)

christian peasants uprising crushed by Tokugawa forces, justified harsher isolation and christianity bans

Commodore Matthew Perry → 1853

• opens Japan under Tokugawa shogunate

• collapse of isolation

• goal: coaling stations, safe harbor for US ships, good treatment of shipwreched sailors

• Treaty of Kanagawa and Treaty of Amity and Commerce

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

oepend 2 ports, start of unequal treaties and internal unrest

Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1857)

gave US extraterritorial rights and free trade; weakened Tokugawa legitimacy even more

Meji restoration (1868)

• Tokugawa shogunate overthrown, emperor restroed to power

• rapidly industrialized and modernized

• enlightenment period

Meji constitution (1889)

• modern state, emperor symbolic, real control by bureaucrats

• limited democracy modeled after Prussia

• gave Japan a political structure for modern empire building

• The emperor remained figurehead

selective borrowing

Japan adapted Buddhism, Confucianism, and writing from China, but kept its own systems using these ideas more as a guide for modernization and industrialization

Anglo-Japanese treaty (1902)

japan recognized as great power, ended diplomatic inferiority

Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905)

Japan defeats Russia over Korea and Manchuria and confirmed Japan as a military world power

invasion of Manchuria (1931)

The Japanese army seized Chinese territory without government approval (soliders sabotage railroad) and started Japanese imperialism

attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)

Japan bombed US base and brought US into WWII and the beginning of the pacific war

atomic bombing (1945)

Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed by US, Japan surreneded and end of WWII

US occupation of Japan (1945-1952)

• US rebuilt Japan’s government, economy, and society

• creation of peaceful democratic Japan

• first time ever occupied by foreign power

Showa constituion (1947)

japan’s new constituion democracy, civil rights, renounced war, legal and political rights for women and land reform including article 9

article 9

part of the showa constitution; japan renounces war and keeps military only for self-defense

US-Japan Security Treaty (1952)

US provides military protection; Japan focuses on rebuilding the economy, a long-term alliance, and Japan’s post-war economic boom

Zaibatsu

conglomerate of bands, trading companies and industries all under same leaders → part of economic growth

Keiretsu

Japan began targeting foreign markets → part of economic growth

Islam

monotheistic relgion founded by Muhammad in 7th century Arabia became one of the largest world religions

Muhammad

founder of islam; born 570 CE in Mecca

hijra

Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina marks the start of the islamic calender

5 pillars of islam

• Shahada - attestation that God is one

• Salat - daily prayer

• Zakat - give alms to the poor

• Fasting

• Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca

Sunni - Shia Split

division over who should elad the muslim community after Muhammad; permanent division still present today

shia

beleif caliph must descend from Muhammad

sunni

any qualified muslim can be a caliph

Umayyad dynasty (661-750)

first islamic empire dynasty, rapid spread of islam across Africa, Spain, and Asia

Abbasid dynasty (750 - 1258)

golden age of islamic culture centers in Baghdad, major advancements in science, math, and medicine

legacy: commercial practices, trade routes, navigation, translation, knowledge production, arts and culture

gunpower empire

Ottoman, Safavid Persia, and Mughal India - large, multiethnic empires that used gunpowder-based weaponry to conquer and administer territories during the early modern middle east

Fall of Constantinople (1453)

won by the ottoman empire (land between Greece and turkey)

Janissaries

elite of the Ottoman emprire acting as the sultan’s personal body guard

defensive developmentalism

under Sutan Selim III policy by which the Ottoman empire tried to strengthen and modernize its military, government, and economy in 19th century to prevent european domination and preserve its independence

End of Janissaries

1826 under Mahumud II; trained 10,000 troops loyal to him

Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876)

• modernization attempts in Ottoman under Abdul Hamid II

• attempt at legal codes, education, and military reforms

• partially modernization but failed to prevent Ottoman decline

• halt in 1870s but before successfully laid groundwork for the gradual modernization

• embrace of Western science and technology but rejected western materialist

Young turks Revolution

• waves of political reform movements in 1908

• secularization of schools, courts, law codes, and permitted elections

• turkish as Ottoman identity

• aimed to replace the absolute monarchy of Sultan Abdul Hamid II

• Civil reformers restored ottoman constituion

• accelerated nationalism and secular reforms

Ottoman during WWI

sided with Germany against GB, France, and Russia and the rise of Mustafa Kamal as president (former young turk)

Mandate System

policy created by the league of nations after WWI where former Ottoman territories were assigned to European powers to govern temporily until could rule themselves but was just way for GB and France to control middle east

Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)

under the mandate system - secret agreement dividing arab lands between GB and France → arab nationalism betrayed by Western powers

treaty of Sèvres (1920)

dismantles Ottoman Empire, imposed Ottoman empire by allied powers after WWI drastically reducing Ottoman territory

Treaty of Lawsanne (1923)

establishmes modern borders of Turkey after turkish victory under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, end of the ottoman empire offically

Safavid Empire (1501 - 1722)

• Shia Islam in Perisa (modern Iran)

• created a lasting religious identity separate from Sunni Ottoman neighbors

• Turkic rulers then captured by Ismail

Ismail I

became Shah (Persian king) as this was a shia he claimed to be a descent of Muhammad

qizilbash

known as the red hats → military strength at this time

Shah Addas (1587 - 1629)

• reduced power of qizilbash

• expansion to Tabriz, Baghdad, Mosul

• urban development

• trade increased, spread of art, architecture, and culture

• traded with the west and alliance with europeans against ottomans and portuguese

Decline of Safavid

• military slavery pay hard to meet

• inflation on cheap silver

• overland trading decreased

• collapse → 1722 with afghan invasion

Qajar dynasty (1794 - 1925)

following the Safavid empire

minimalist rule

intervened in economy to prevent urban insurrections

the great game (19th century)

stragtic rivalry and political conflict between GB and Russia over control and indlucne of central asia that discouraged modernization

denfesnive developmentalism in Qajar

• fails: state-run factories, reform budget, build a modern military based on conscription rather than tribal lines, and build modern education

• success: Dar al-Funun (school founded in 1851 to train military)

Nasir al-Din Shah (1848 - 1896)

granted concessions to euroepan financiers and adventures to generate quick revenue and hasten development

Reuter concession

contracted between dynasty and GB banker (Baron Julius de Reuter) right to build street cars and railroads in exchange for modest payment and promise of future royalties (unpopular among persians)

D’Arcy oil concession

gave Anglo (an Australian adventurer) rights to obtain, exploit, develop, render suitable for trade, carry away, and sell → GB bought the concession and created the Anglo-Persian oil company

started persian nationalism

constiutional revolution (1906)

Political movement demanding a constitution, elected legislature, Majlis (parliament), and limits on monarchical power in Qaja Persia, the first step to modern constitutional government. Ulema (intellectuals) speak out against the government and national assembly/parliament

Reza Khan

military commander who led a coup, overthrew the Qajar dynasty and established the Pahlavi monarchy in Iran (modernized Iran) and became the uncontested leader of Persia; used violence to enforce censorship, abolition or opposition parties and created a sense of legitimacy by expanding role of the state and imposed modernization, military expansion

Persia becomes Iran (1935)

• under Reza shah

• promoted secularism (separating religion from the state) so seizes land of ulama and attacks relgious establishment in manners of dress

• expand government control and education

• tries to renegotiate the D’arcy concessions

• reza shah renouce throne in favor of son - Muhammad Reza

Muhammad Reza

• son of Reza shah

• swiss-educated

• allies puts checks on his power

Mossadegh and oil nationalization (1951)

• came to power by leading a popular nationalist movement aimed at nationalizing Iran’s GB-controlled oil industry

• expansion of parliamentary democracy

• nationalized the GB-controlled oil industry to reclaim Iranian economic sovereignty

• triggered the GB-US boycott and 1953 CIA coup that restored Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s absolute rule

• iranian economy declines becasue foregin boycott