perception chapter 7

The ecological approach emerged as a reaction _____.

a. to the structuralist approach

b. to the artificiality of laboratory approach to studying vision

c. to the over-reliance on brain imaging techniques

d. to pointillism

B

The ecological approach was developed by _____.

a. J.J. Gibson

b. David Marr

c. Max Wertheimer

d. Ronald Rensink

A

The movement of elements of the environment relative to the observer is called _____.

a. optic flow

b. the phi movement

c. an affordance

d. motion ecology

A

You are driving a car. Which statement is an accurate reflection of flow in this situation?

a. Optic flow is slower near the car.

b. Optic flow does not occur for information in the periphery.

c. Optic flow is faster farther away from the car.

d. Optic flow does not occur for the focus of expansion

D

Information that remains constant even though the observer is moving is called _____.

a. a flow gradient

b. a texture gradient

c. a penumbra constant

d. invariant information

D

Which statement is true concerning the focus of expansion?

a. It always occurs at the point you are fixated on.

b. It always occurs at the point you are moving toward.

c. It continues in the same direction once established.

d. It always contains the fastest flow of information.

B

When expert gymnasts close their eyes while performing a somersault, they perform _____.

a. better because they eliminated visual distractions

b. as well as with their eyes open, since doing the routine is automatic

c. more poorly, because they couldn't make "in-air" corrections

d. better because they usually train with their eyes closed

C

According to Gibson, the relationship between movement and flow is _____.

a. movement creates flow, which then provides information to guiding further

movement

b. movement creates flow, but this information does not affect further movement

c. flow and self-produced movement are related, but both are independent of guiding

further movement

d. flow and movement are not related

A

If you close both your eyes while standing on one foot, _____.

a. you can stand longer than if both eyes are open because you eliminate distracting

visual information

b. you can stand longer than if just your "non-dominant" eye is open

c. you can stand longer with one eye open because you are eliminating binocular

disparity cues

d. you lose your balance more quickly than if your eyes are open

D

Lee et al.'s "Swinging Room" studies found that _____.

a. only adults are affected by flow information

b. only young children are affected by flow information

c. children will lean back when a forward-swaying flow pattern was created

d. adults were always able to keep their balance in the moving room

C

In Lee and Aronson's experiment, although a few of the toddlers were unaffected by the

sway, _____ fell down, even though the floor remained stationary throughout the entire

experiment!

a. 22%

b. 33%

c. 44%

d. 55%

B

When novices close their eyes when trying a somersault, _____.

a. their performance typically improves

b. there is no impact on their performance

c. their performance is not degraded as much as is the performance of experts

d. their performance seems to change randomly

C

Gibson emphasized studying _____.

a. each sense in isolation

b. tightly-controlled laboratory experiments

c. invariant information from the environment

d. invariant sensory functions

C

The swinging room experiments showed that _____.

a. vision can override the traditional sources of balance information

b. traditional sources of balance information cannot be overridden

c. traditional sources of balance information can only be overridden in experienced

adults

d. traditional sources of balance information can be integrated with but not overridden

by other senses

A

According to Land and Lee, drivers look _____ when driving on a straight road.

a. directly at the focus of expansion

b. straight ahead, but not directly at the focus of expansion

c. at locomotor flow line

d. at the psychometric curb

B

According to Land and Lee, drivers negotiate curves by _____.

a. looking directly at the FOE

b. looking directly at the road

c. using a complex combination of affordances

d. using information in addition to optic flow

D

"Blind walking" studies have shown that _____.

a. participants cannot locate nearby objects with their eyes closed

b. flow information is necessary for navigation; blindfolded participants cannot walk to

a target location they have just seen

c. blindfolded participants can navigate short distances as long as they walk in a straight

line

d. blindfolded participants can navigate short distances when walking in a straight line

or making an angled turn

D

Using the visual direction strategy, walkers stay on target by _____.

a. using flow information to estimate the destination point

b. going toward the focus of expansion

c. keeping their body pointed toward the destination

d. keeping their eyes fixated on the destination

C

Hamid et al. (2010) had participants navigate a maze while recording their eye movements.

The maze contained landmarks on the walls at corners and at other positions that would not aid

maze navigation. After participants learned the maze, the researchers removed half of the

landmarks. The results of this study revealed that _____.

a. performance decreased when landmarks that had been viewedlongerwere removed

b. participants did not notice that the landmarks were missing and their performance

was unaffected

c. participants had been relying on all landmarks to navigate

d. performance increased when non-informative landmarks were removed

A

In Janzen and vanTurennout's study of using landmarks as "decision points" in a navigating

through a museum, participants _____.

a. had greater brain activation in the MST when they saw "non-decision" points than

when they saw "decision points"

b. had lower recognition scores for landmarks than non-landmarks

c. had greater brain activation in the parahippocampal gyrus for "decision points" than

"non-decision points"

d. recognized "decision points" better when cells in their temporal cortex were

microstimulated

C

After damage to his ______, Mantio is unable to recognize formerly-familiar landmarks in

his hometown.

a. hypothalamus

b. medial superior temporal area

c. parahippocampal gyrus

d. superior temporal sulcus

C

Research with patients who were being prepared for surgery to treat severe epilepsy found

that neurons in patients' _____ functioned like the rat grid cells.

a. entorhinal cortex

b. medial superior temporal area

c. retrosplenial cortex

d. superior temporal sulcus

A

Elena looks at a banana and realizes that the banana is "eat-able." This an example of _____.

a. optic flow

b. a texture gradient

c. ataxia

d. an affordance

D

Affordances _____.

a. provide a counterexample to Gibson's ecological approach

b. are used to explain the flow of information organizational principles

c. provide the observer possibilities for action

d. arise from the interaction between flow and depth cues

C

M.P., a person with brain damage that resulted in the inability to name objects, could _____.

a. identify objects more accurately when given the name of the object

b. identify objects more accurately when given the function of the object

c. not identify any of the objects, even when given both the name and function

d. not identify the object more accurately if permitted to interact with the object

B

Joe enters a room, sees a novel object, and promptly walks over and sits on it. The object

was about the size of a small table and had a flat, smooth surface at approximately knee height. If

asked to explain Joe's behavior, Gibson would likely say that Joe _____.

a. was acting based on affordances

b. had sustained damage to his hippocampus

c. had learned the function of the object from optic flow

d. was suffering from optic ataxia

A

The neurons that signal the monkey's intention to grab an object are mostly found in the

_____.

a. Hippocampus

b. superior colliculus

c. parietal reach region (PRR)

d. nystagmus parietal radius (NPR)

C

Fattori and coworkers (2012) discovered neurons called _____ cells; these responded not

only when a monkey was preparing to grasp a specific object, but also when but also when the

monkey viewed that specific object.

a. where/how/when

b. sensorimotor integration

c. visuomotor grip

d. sensory coordination

C

In monkey hand grip experiments, a monkey briefly sees an object, the lights go out, then

the monkey is prompted to reach for the object. When the monkey reaches for the object, _____.

a. he often will use the wrong grip because he is unable to see the object in the dark

b. he will use the correct grip only if his attention is redirected to the object

c. neurons that respond to the specific grip being used will be activated

d. neurons may be preferentially activated as a result of just seeing the object

C

Suppose you are sitting in a coffee shop and about to reach for a cup of coffee on a table

covered with magazines, plants, books and various other objects. First, you must identify the

coffee cup among the flowers and other objects on the table using the _____ pathway and then for

it, taking into account its location on the table using the _____ pathway.

a. ventral; dorsal

b. ventral; ventral

c. dorsal; dorsal

d. dorsal; ventral

A

Individuals with damage to the parietal regions associated with reaching have difficulty with

reaching tasks. An analysis of their reach "paths" reveals that the parietal region _____.

a. provides guidance for where to reach

b. calculates the distance required to reach for an object

c. is responsible for motor coordination

d. provides guidance for reaching and avoiding obstacles

D

Neurons in the premotor cortex, called _____ mirror neurons, respond when a monkey

performs a hand action and when it hears the sound associated with this action

a. coordinated

b. grip

c. sensorimotor

d. audiovisual

D

Mirror neurons in the monkey fire _____.

a. when the monkey sees the experimenter grasp a piece of food, and when the

monkey also grasps the food

b. when the experimenter grasps the food with his/her fingers, and when the

experimenter picks up the food using pliers

c. when the monkey sees the food reflected in a mirror

d. when the monkey grasps the food with his/her fingers, and when the monkey picks

up the food using pliers

A

Which situation would most likely cause an audiovisual mirror neuron to fire?

a. when the monkey only hears the sound of breaking glass

b. when the monkey sees a peanut breaking and hears the sound of the peanut breaking

c. when the monkey sees a stick being dropped and hears the sound of the peanut

breaking

d. when the monkey grasps the peanut and sees the experimenter grasps the peanut with

pliers

B

Proposed functions of mirror neurons include their role in _____.

a. applying common heuristics

b. facilitating the binding of information sources.

c. developing metacognitive skills

d. aiding interpretation of facial expressions.

D

Softball players were asked to estimate the size of a softball immediately after a game.

When perceived ball size was examined in relation to batting average, it was revealed that _____.

a. batters who hit well perceived the ball to be smaller than batters who were less

successful

b. experienced batters perceived the ball to be larger than less experienced batters with

the same hit-rate

c. experienced batters perceived the ball to be smaller than less experienced batters

d. batters who hit well perceived the ball to be bigger than batters who were less

successful

D

Jessica Witt and her colleagues (2009) asked people with chronic back and/or leg pain to

estimate their distance from various objects placed in a long hallway and found that _____.

a. the chronic pain group consistently underestimated their distance from objects

b. the chronic pain group was wildly inaccurate in estimating their distance from objects,

with some underestimating and others overestimating

c. the chronic pain group consistently overestimated their distance from objects

d. there was no relationship between chronic pain and ability to estimate distances

C

Some researchers have suggested that individuals with chronic pain may not perceive

distances differently, but rather, may have _____.

a. emotional overreactions

b. different expectations

c. cognitive differences

d. less motivation

B

The _____ perception hypothesis states that people perceive their environment in terms of

their ability to act on it.

a. functionality

b. utility-based

c. visuomotor

d. action-specific

D

The exact functions of mirror neurons in humans are _____.

a. extremely limited in comparison to those in monkeys

b. limited but well-established

c. still being actively researched

d. largely unknown due to problems with ethically-studying them in humans

C