ANATOMY SG FINAL FLASHCARDS

1. The endocrine system is a major controlling system of what body processes?

Maintain electrolyte balance

Regulate cellular metabolism

Mobilize body defenses against stressors

Growth & development

2. What mechanism regulates the endocrine system and hormone concentrations in the blood?

Negative feedback system

3. What hormone is responsible for ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

4. What are all of the functions of oxytocin?

Stimulates uterine contractions

Stimulation of breast milk ejection

Labor induction

Involved in postpartum bleeding control

5. What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

Releasing Hormones

Inhibiting Hormones

What is a goiter?

Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to dietary iodine deficiency

What is acromegaly?

Hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) in adulthood after long bone growth has ended

8. What are all of the different functions of estrogen?

Develops and maintains secondary sexual characteristics in females

Stimulates menstruation

Maintains pregnancy

What is the relationship between insulin and glucagon?

Antagonists that regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin reduces blood glucose levels, glucagon

raises blood glucose levels.

10. What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

Growth Hormone (GH)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Prolactin (PRL)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

1. Which one of the four body tissue types does blood belong to?

Connective tissue

2. What are the physical characteristics of blood?

Sticky, opaque, metallic taste, heavier than water

3. What are the characteristics of plasma?

Clear yellowish color, contains plasma proteins, contains hormones and metal ions, has a pH of

7.35 to 7.45

4. What are the 3 formed elements? Which is most abundant?

RBC – erythrocytes (most abundant)

WBC – leukocytes

Platelet

5. What are platelets and where do they come from?

Fragments of multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes

6. What are the 3 steps of hemostasis in the proper order?

Vascular spasm

Platelet plug formation

Coagulation

7. What are the major blood groups and what antigens are they based on? Universal donor? Universal

recipient?

recipient?

A, B, AB, and O

Based on the A and B antigens found on RBCs

Universal donor – Type O, universal recipient – Type AB

8. What is agglutination?

Binding of antibodies to antigens causing RBCs to clump together

9. What is a thrombus versus an embolus?

Thrombus – blood clot

Embolus – blood clot that breaks away and travels in the blood stream

1. Which area of the heart receives blood from the pulmonary veins?

Left atrium

2. What does the Superior Vena Cava drain and where does it empty into? What kind of blood does it

carry?

Deoxygenated blood from the upper body (above the heart) drains into the right atrium

3. What is another name for the right AV valve?

Tricuspid valve

4. Trace the intrinsic conduction pathway of the heart in the proper order.

SA node → AV node → AV bundle → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

5. Put in order of blood flow: arterioles, veins, arteries, capillaries, venules. Where is pressure the

highest?

Arteries (highest pressure) → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins

6. Where is the renal vein? Carotid artery?

Renal vein – empties blood from the kidneys

Carotid artery – in the neck

7. What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel?

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

8. What are varicose veins and what are they caused by?

Caused by incompetent venous valves

Caused by incompetent venous valves

Fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into tissue spaces

2. Which way does lymph flow?

Towards the heart only

3. What are the different mechanisms that aide in lymphatic return back to the heart?

Milking action of skeletal muscle

Pressure changes in the thorax during respiration

Smooth muscle contraction within lymphatic vessels

Mi4. What is the function of the spleen?

Breakdown worn out RBCs and return the products to the liver

5. What is the function of the thymus?

Program T cells, peak function is during youth

6. Describe the protective functions of skin and mucous membranes, which line of defense are they?

First line of defense, protects against invasion of pathogens

7. What are the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response?

Pain, redness, heat, and swelling Not Fever

8. What regulates temperature in the body?

Hypothalamus

9. List the five antibody classes, and briefly describe their roles in immunity.

IgM – first to be released during primary response, potent agglutinating agent, fixes compliment

IgA – found in mucus and other body secretions, prevent pathogens from gaining entry into the

body

IgD – cell surface receptor for competent B cells

IgG – most abundant, only one that can cross the placenta

IgE – binds to mast cells and basophils, involved in allergies and parasitic worm infections

10. Describe autoimmune diseases. Give some examples of these diseases.

Autoimmune diseases cause one to make antibodies against their own cells

Example – Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Graves Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus

11. What is AIDS?

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome caused by the HIV virus which destroys T cells

1. What are the functions of the conducting respiratory passageway?

Purify, warm, humidify air as well as allow air to reach the lungs

2. Identify the structures that belong to the conducting passageway.

Nose→ pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi

3. What is the epiglottis?

Flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the larynx when swallowing

4. What 2 serous membranes cover the lungs? What is each one’s location?

Visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs

Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity

5. Alveoli walls are made of what tissue?

Simple squamous epithelium

6. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the respiratory membrane.

Simple diffusion

7. What is internal respiration?

Gas exchange between the blood and tissues at the systemic capillaries

8. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood plasma?

As part of bicarbonate ions (HCO3

9. Define Vital Capacity.

Respiratory movement representing the total amount of exchangeable air

10. What is apnea?

Cessation of breathing

1. Name the organs of the alimentary canal in order that food travels.

Mouth→ pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine

2. What happens in the stomach? What kind of digestion occurs here?

Protein digestion begins

3. What is the main function of the small intestine?

Absorption of nutrients

4. What are the functions of the large intestine?

Dry out indigestible food, water reabsorption, make and eliminate feces

5. What does amylase do?

Digest starch

6. Where is bile made? Where is bile stored?

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

7. What is chemical and mechanical digestion?

Chemical digestion – large food molecules are broken down into their building blocks by catalytic

enzymes with hydrolysis reactions, carbs into simple sugars and proteins into amino acids

Mechanical digestion – break food up into smaller pieces

8. Define peristalsis.

Propulsive process that moves food from one organ to the next

9. What are the functions of the liver?

Detoxify drugs and alcohol

Degrade hormones

Make cholesterol

Make clotting factors

Make bile

1. What other organs aid the kidney in excretion of fluids from the body.

Lungs and skin

2. Describe the major function of the kidneys.

Make urine

Get rid of metabolic waste

Convert vitamin D to an active form

3. List the organs found in the urinary system.

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

4. What are the regions of the renal tubule in the proper order?

Proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule

5. Define filtration.

Nonselective passive process performed by the glomerulus that forms from blood plasma without

plasma proteins

6. What are nephrons? Where are they mostly located? How many do we have per kidney?

Nephron – functional unit of the kidney mostly located in the cortex

There are one million nephrons per kidney

7. What are ureters?

Tubes that connect the renal hilum of the kidney to the bladder

8. What 2 sphincters control urination? What is the major difference between them?

Internal urethral sphincter – involuntary control

External urethral sphincter – voluntary control

9. Define micturition.

Emptying the bladder

1. What do testes do?

Produce testosterone and sperm

2. Trace the pathway followed by sperm from the testis to the body exterior.

Epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

3. Define spermatogenesis. When does it begin?

Spermatogenesis – formation of sperm, begins during puberty

4. What is the minimum sperm count needed for pregnancy to be likely?

Over 20 million per ml

5. Where does fertilization take place?

Uterine (fallopian) tubes

6. What is the cervix?

Narrow outlet of the uterus that projects into the vagina

7. What are alveolar glands?

Mammary Glands that produce milk when a female is lactating

8. Define endometrium, menarche, and parturition.

Endometrium – inner mucosal layer of the uterus sloughed off approximately every 28 days

Menarche – first menstrual period

Parturition – childbirth