Biology yr 10 mocks

What are characteristics of Prokaryotic cells?

bacteria

much smaller

unicellular

not membran bound

What are characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?

pathogens / plants / animals

larger

membrane bound

What are the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic?

prokaryotic has:

-no nucleus

-plasmids

-membrane-bound organelles

Equation for magnification

Image / actual

What are 7 components of a light microscope

-base

-arm

-mirror

-stage

-objective lens

-eyepiece

-fine focus nobs

what are the 3 sugar molecules?

monosacharides

disacharides

polysacharides

What are the 3 polymers of glucose?

Starch

Cellulose

Glycogen

What are all 3 structual enzyme and their purpose?

Keratin -hair/skin

Collagen - skin structure

Melanin - skin pigment

What are all 3 Functional enzymes and their purpose?

Haemoglobin - carries oxygen around the body

Enzyme - catalyst reactions

Antibodies - defend pathognes

What is the formula for rate of reaction?

1/time

What is the test for sugar / glucose? + colour)

Benedicts reagent

+brick red

-blue

What is the test for Starch (crisps)?

Iodine solutions

+blue/black

-orange

What is the test for protein (abbumem)?

Biurets reagent

+lilac/violet

-blue

What is the test for lipids(oi)?l

Ethanol water

+cloudy white

-clear

What is the simple steps of an?

1) Frequent collision —— more energy

2) active site succes —— higher frequency

3) bonds break —— rate zero

How to write about enzymes

Fit → Bind → React → Release → Reuse

How do you test for enxymes?

1) add iodine to spotting tile

2) add starch + amylase to a test tube

3) record with stopwatch

add drops to see a colour change

What are physical barriers and purpose?

Platelet cells - cause clotting + scabs

Goblet cells - ( in the trachea) trap pathogens + produce mucus

Ciliated cells - waft mucus and bacteria out the airway + lines bronchi and trachea

What are the chemical barriers and purpose?

Lysozyme enzymes in tears and saliva – destroy some bacteria.

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach – kills many pathogens that are swallowed.

Why are vaccines effective?

-last a long time

-protect against pathogens

Why are antibiotics effective?

-treat bacterial infections

-prevent reproduction

-kill by stopping mechanism

-cant kill of damage tissure

What are the 2 commons antibiotics?

Amoxcillion + Pericillin

WtHR

waist cricumfrance / hip circumfrance

BMI

bodymass / height “

Turbeculoses - cause / symptom / cure?

air mucus / poor sanitation

high temp / cough

antibiotics / vaccines

Asthma - cause / symptom / cure?

affect gas exchange as bronchi narrow and swell

breathlesness / coughing / allergies

inhaler

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - cause / symptom / why?

-damaged alveoli reduces gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

-short breathe / cough / chest infection /

long term / genetic / fumes / smoking

What are the 3 bacterias?

Tuberculoses - air born spores

Cholera - clean water - vomiting/ dehydration - antibiotics

Chlamydia - STI - infertile - urinating pain - antibiotics / symptoms

What are the 2 fungi?

Colera Ash Dieback - leaf loss bark lesion wilting - remove debris, collect ashtrees

Athletes foot - itchy

How does an Virus attack?

1) enter host cell

2) replicate virus

3) burst cell

What is HIV?

-drugs/ unprotected sex

-HIV — AIDS — immune system no longer weakens

-

What are the Protists? cause - system - spread

Maleria - mosquito bite in tropical regions

-muscle pains / headache / sleep / sick

-damage blood cells = carry O2

-damage liver = process chemical

-insect repellent / long sleeve

What are 3 functions of red blood cells and why?

• contains haemoglobin - bind oxygen

• no nucleas - more space

• bioconcave shape - larger surface area

What are the functions of white blood cells?

• destroy pathogens

• lymphocytes - produce antibodies

• phagocytize - engulf pathogens

What are the functions of platelets why?

blood clotting - stop bleeding

prevents loosing blood in the tissue

What are the functions of plasma why?

• consists of cells, nutrients, hormones

• carries waste product

• regulates blood pressure / maintains boy weight

• 55% volume carries everything but oxygen

What are the 4 components in the blood?

• white blood cell

• red blood cell

• plasma

• platelets

what are the 4 characteristics of the arteries?

• thick walls - withstand pressure

• narrow lumen

• elastic fibres( expand + recoil)

• smooth muscle (consist + dilate)

what are arteries for?

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

What are the 3 components of veins?

thinner walls + less muscle

one way valves - prevent backflow

What are functions of the capillarys?

one cell thick - diffusion

exstensive network - close proximity

connects arteries and valves

Whar are the 4 adaptations of the vili?

microvili - enhance absortion

increased surface area

one cell thick

supplt of cappilarys

What are vili for in the intestine?

Increase surface area for more absorbtion of nutrients

Cardiac Output

heart rate x stroke volume

Aerobic Respiration

glucose + oxygen —— water + carbon dioxide (energy)

What and how is cellular respiration?

releases energy though and exothermic (surroundings) reaction

What is Cardiovascular disease?

disease of heart and blood where blood flow is reduced and causes blood clots

How does Cardiovascular disease happen?

When fatty deposits build up in the lumen and when going to the bran can cause a stroke

Essentialiy: plaque = blockage in vessels

What are factors of cardiovascular disease?

• unhealthy diet

• obesity

• smoking

• lack of exercise

Anarobic respiration

glucose —— lactic acid

What are stents and how are they effective?

tube inflates in groin (lumen)

negatives of statins

risk of blood clots but minor surgery

What are statins - p/n?

drug which reduces cholestrol

block enzymes in the liver

What is bypass surgery - p/n?

when blocked arteries are replaced with bits of veins

major surgery / long recovery

What are mechanical valves - p/n?

• risk of immune rejection

• long lasting 12 - 15yrs

• take anti-blood clot medicine

Photosynthesis

water + oxygen —→ glucose + oxygen

6CO2 +6H2O —→ C6H12O6 +602

What are components of a leaf?

• chloroplast = green pigment

• mesophyll = middle leaf

• epidermis = outer layer

What is the function of the xylem>

transport water and dissolve mineral ions from root to leaf

What is the function of the Phloem?

transport food from leaves through entire plant

What are traits of translocation (phloem)?

• transport sugar and amino acids to the entire plant

• loss of water through evaporation
  cohesive

What are traits of transpiration (xylem)?

dead hollowed out cells

ligning- strong to withstand pressure

What are the 2 vascular tissues?

Phloem and Zylem

How are minerals etc transported in a root hair cell?

root hair cell —→ xylem vessel —→ stem —→ leaf

also has a high surface area

Where is active transport found?

• mineral ions found in low concentration

• low soil conc —-? high plant conc

What is magnesium in plants for?

produces ions

chlorophyl

(defficiency = yellow)

What is phosporus nitrate in plants?

nitrate ions = amino acids

phosphate ions = dna

defficiency = stunted growth

what fraction makes up a plan?

1/3 organs of a plant are roots