AP HUMAN GEO - Population and Migration

What does Crude Birth Rate (CBR) measure?

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a year.

What does Crude Death Rate (CDR) measure?

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.

How is the Natural Increase Rate (NIR) calculated?

(CBR - CDR) / 10.

What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

The average number of children a woman will have through her childbearing years.

What does the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) signify?

The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age compared to total live births.

What caused major surges in population growth historically?

The Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.

Where is most population growth concentrated today?

Less developed countries (LDCs) in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

What characterizes Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model?

High CBR, high CDR, and very little or no natural increase rate.

What is predicted by Malthusian Theory?

Population growth will eventually outpace food supply, leading to famine, disease, and war.

What are the four stages of the Epidemiological Transition?

1. Pestilence and famine 2. Receding pandemics 3. Degenerative diseases 4. Delayed degenerative diseases.

What do Pronatalist Policies encourage?

Encourage births to increase the labor force or military strength.

How does education of women affect fertility rates?

Higher levels of education correlate with lower fertility rates.

What are the implications of aging populations?

Strain on social security and healthcare systems, potential labor shortages.

What is Population Distribution?

The pattern of where people live in an area.

What influences local population growth rates?

Physical factors (climate, topography) and human factors (economic opportunities, infrastructure).

What is the difference between Population Density and Distribution?

Density refers to the number of people in a given area; distribution refers to where people live.

What are Push Factors in migration?

Reasons for people to leave a place, like unemployment or political instability.

What are Pull Factors in migration?

Reasons that attract people to a new place, like job opportunities or political freedom.

What was a major historical migration event in the 1840s?

The Irish Potato Famine, which pushed many to migrate to the U.S.

What characterizes Voluntary Migration?

Migrants choose to move for economic improvement or personal reasons.

What distinguishes a Refugee from an Internally Displaced Person (IDP)?

A Refugee has crossed an international border; an IDP has not.

What do Ravenstein's Laws describe?

Generalizations about migration patterns.

What does a Population Pyramid represent?

The age and sex composition of a population.

What does a broad base in a Population Pyramid indicate?

Rapid population growth.

Why might rural areas have higher birth rates than urban areas?

Cultural norms and economic needs differ between rural and urban settings.

What factors can lead to declining birth rates?

Improved education, access to healthcare, and economic development.

How do demographic trends differ in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to Japan and Germany?

Sub-Saharan Africa has high growth rates, while Japan and Germany face aging populations and slow growth.