topic 6a: introduction to organic chemistry

empirical formula

simplest ration of the number of atoms in a molecule

molecular formulae

the numbers of each sort of atom present in the molecule

general formula

the general rule for a particular homologous series

structural formula

shows how various atoms are bonded

displayed formula

shows all the bonds in the molecule as individual lines

homologous series rules

• same general formula

• similar chemical properties

• successive members that differs by CH2

• gradation of physical properties

• made by similar methods

prefix 6-10

6: hex

7: hept

8: oct

9: non

10: dec

functional groups

anything that differs from a simple alkane

C=C

alkene

-X

halogenalkane

-OH

alcohol

aldehyde

ketone