LESSON 3: AERODROME DATA & PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• 15

• AERONAUTICAL DATA

  • airport information,

  • airspace structures,

  • flight paths,

  • navigation aids,

  • weather information,

  • NOTAMs (Notice to Airmen)

  • _______________________

  • flight planning and execution

• ICAO Annex ____, defines __________ representation of aeronautical facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing

• refers to "all data necessary for the safety, regularity, and efficiency of air navigation and for the operation of an airspace system."

• This includes a wide range of information such as _______, ________, _________, __________, __________, __________ and other critical information that is required by pilots, air traffic controllers, and other aviation stakeholders to ensure safe and efficient flight operations.

• It is vital for _________ and ________, and must be accurate, reliable, and up-to- date to ensure safe and efficient flight operations.

• accuracy and Integrity

• Aerodrome Mapping

• Digital data error detection

AERONAUTICAL DATA

Aeronautical Data must be:

• Determined and reported in accordance to the _________ and _________ classification required to meet the needs of the end- users of aeronautical data.

• ________________ data should be made available to the aeronautical information services for aerodromes deemed relevant States where safety and/or performance- based operations suggest possible benefits.

• ______________ techniques shall be used during the transmission and or storage of aeronautical data and digital sets

Determination and reporting

Integrity Classification

• routine data

• essential data

• critical data

AERONAUTICAL DATA

___________ and _________ of aerodrome-related aeronautical data in accordance to the accuracy and integrity classification required to meet the needs of the end- users of aeronautical data.

_________________: classification based upon the potential risk resulting from the use of corrupted data:

• _________: there is a vey low probability

• _________; there is a low probability

• __________; there is a high probability

AERODROME REFERENCE POINT

• geometric center

  • degrees,

  • minutes

  • seconds

Airport REFERENCE POINT

• crosshairs

AERONAUTICAL DATA: __________________

• shall be established for an aerodrome

• shall be located near the initial or planned ________ of the aerodrome and shall normally remain where first established

• shall be measured and reported to the aeronautical information services authority in _______, ______ and ________

______________________

• is at the approximate geographic center of all usable runway surfaces and is the point from which official latitude and longitude coordinates are derived.

• The center of the_________ marks the ARP’s exact location. When the ARP is on the runway centerline, an arrow points to its exact location.

• one half meter or foot

• one half meter or foot

• one quarter meter or foot

AERODROME & RUNWAY ELEVATIONS

• The aerodrome elevation and geoid undulation at the aerodrome elevation position

  • shall be measured to the accuracy of _________or ____ and reported to the aeronautical information services authority

• For an aerodrome used by international for non-precision approaches the the elevation and geoid undulation of each threshold, the elevation of the runway end and any significant high and low intermediate points along the runway

  • shall be measured to the accuracy of __________and reported to the aeronautical information services authority.

• For precision approach runway the elevation and geoid undulation of the threshold,

  • the elevation of the runway end and the highest elevation of the touchdown zone

    • shall be measured to the accuracy of _________ and reported to the aeronautical information services authority.

Geoid.

Geoid undulation.

Instrument runway.

• Non-precision approach runway.

• Precision approach runway, category I

• Precision approach runway, category II.

• Precision approach runway, category III.

AERODROME & RUNWAY ELEVATIONS

• _______ The equipotential surface in the gravity field of the Earth which coincides with the undisturbed mean sea level (MSL) extended continuously through the continents.

  • Note.- It is irregular in shape because of local gravitational disturbances (wind tides, salinity, current, etc.) and the direction of gravity is perpendicular to it at every point.

• __________ The distance of the geoid above (positive) or below (negative) the mathematical reference ellipsoid

________________________________________________________

_______________ One of the following types of runways intended for the operation of aircraft using instrument approach procedures:

• a)____________ A runway served by visual aids and non-visual aid(s) intended for landing operations following an instrument approach operation type A and a visibility not less than 1000 m.

• b) _______________. A runway served by visual aids and non-visual aid(s) intended for landing operations following an instrument approach operation type B with a decision height (DH) not lower than 60 m (200 ft) and either a

  • visibility not less than 800 m or a runway visual range not less than 550 m.

• c) _________________ A runway served by visual aids and non-visual aid(s) intended for landing operations following an instrument approach operation type B with a decision height (DH) lower than 60 m (200 ft) but

  • not lower than 30 m (100 ft) and a runway visual range not less than 300 m.

• d) ___________________A runway served by visual aids and non-visual aid(s) intended for landing operations following an instrument approach operation

  • type B with a decision height (DH) lower than 30 m (100 ft) or no decision height

  • a runway visual range less than 300m, or no runway visual range limitations

• Degree Celsius

• hottest

AERODROME REFERENCE TEMPERATURE

• An aerodrome reference temperature shall be determined for an aerodrome in __________

• It should be the monthly mean of the daily maximum temperatures for the ______ month of the year (being that which has the highest monthly mean temperature.

  • This temperature should be average over a period of years

• pavement classification number

• pavement type

• subgrade strength category:

• evaluation method

STRENGTH OF PAVEMENT (ACN-PCN)

Applicable until 27 November 2024.

ACN: _______________

PCN:_______________

2.6.1 The bearing strength of a pavement shall be determined.

2.6.2 The bearing strength of a pavement intended for aircraft of apron (ramp) mass greater than 5 700 kg shall be made available using the aircraft classification number-pavement classification number (ACN -PCN) method by reporting all of the following information:

• a) _____________ (PCN);

• b) _____________for ACN-PCN determination;

• c) _____________

• d) maximum allowable tire pressure category or maximum allowable tire pressure value; and

• e)______________.

Note.- If necessary, PCNs may be published to an accuracy of one-tenth of a whole number.

2.6.3 The PCN reported shall indicate that aircraft with an aircraft classification number (ACN) equal to or less than reported PCN can operate on the pavement subject to any limitation on the tire pressure or aircraft all-up mass for specified aircraft type(s).

Note.- Different PCNs may be reported if the strength of the pavement is subject to significant seasonal variation

Aerodrome Design Manual

2.6.4 The ACN of an aircraft shall be determined in accordance with the standard procedures associated with the ACN-PCN method.

Note.- The standard procedures for determining the ACN of an aircraft are given in the ______(Doc 9157), Part 3. For convenience, several aircraft types currently in use have been evaluated on rigid and flexible pavements founded on the four subgrade categories in 2.6.6 b) below and the results tabulated in that manual.

2.6.5 For the purposes of determining the ACN, the behaviour of a pavement shall be classified as equivalent to a rigid or flexible construction.

• Rigid Pavement

• Flexible Pavement

______________________________

• High strength

• Medium Strength

• Low Strength

• Ultra Low Strength

____-__________________________

• California Bearing Ratio

______________________________

• Unlimited:

• High: 1.75 MPa

• Medium: 1.25 MPa

• Low: 0.50 MPa

_____________________

• Technical Evaluation:

• Using Aircraft Experience

STRENGTH OF PAVEMENT (ACN-PCN)

• Pavement Type for ACN-PCN determination

  • R; ___________

  • F: ___________

• Subgrade Strength Category

  • A: _________

  • B:___________

  • C;___________

  • D:____________

• In the context of pavement subgrade strength category as described in ICAO Annex 14, the letter “K" refers to the ________________ (CBR) of the soil.

• CBR is a measure of the strength of the subgrade soil, which is the layer of natural material or compacted fill material that the pavement structure is built upon.

• The CBR value indicates the soil's ability to resist penetration from a standard plunger under controlled conditions, and it is expressed as a percentage.

• Maximum Allowable Tire Pressure Category

  • W: ________: No Pressure Limit

  • X: _________: Pressure limited to ___ MPa

  • Y: _________: Pressure limited to ___ MPa

  • Z: __________: Pressure limited to ___ MPa

• Evaluation Method

  • T: _______________; representing a specific study of the pavement characteristics and application of pavement behavior technology.

  • U: ________________: representing a knowledge of the specific type and mass of aircraft satisfactorily being supported under regular use

• pavement classification rating

• pavement type

• subgrade strength category:

• evaluation method

STRENGTH OF PAVEMENT (ACR-PCR)

Applicable until 28 November 2024.

ACN: _______________

PCN:_______________

2.6.1 The bearing strength of a pavement shall be determined.

2.6.2 The bearing strength of a pavement intended for aircraft of apron (ramp) mass greater than 5 700 kg shall be made available using the aircraft classification rating-pavement classification number (ACR -PCR) method by reporting all of the following information:

• a) _____________ (PCR); and numerical value

• b) _____________for ACR-PCR determination;

• c) _____________

• d) maximum allowable tire pressure category or maximum allowable tire pressure value; and

• e)______________.

• Rigid Pavement

• Flexible Pavement

______________________________

• High strength

• Medium Strength

• Low Strength

• Ultra Low Strength

____-__________________________

• Elastic Modulus

______________________________

• Unlimited:

• High: 1.75 MPa

• Medium: 1.25 MPa

• Low: 0.50 MPa

_____________________

• Technical Evaluation:

• Using Aircraft Experience

STRENGTH OF PAVEMENT (ACR-PCR)

• Pavement Type for ACR-PCR determination

  • R; ___________

  • F: ___________

• Subgrade Strength Category

  • A: _________

  • B:___________

  • C;___________

  • D:____________

• In the context of pavement subgrade strength category, the letter "E" refers to the __________ of the subgrade soil. The It is a measure of the stiffness of the soil, and it represents the ability of the soil to deform elastically under load and to recover its original shape after the load is removed.

• Maximum Allowable Tire Pressure Category

  • W: ________: No Pressure Limit

  • X: _________: Pressure limited to ___ MPa

  • Y: _________: Pressure limited to ___ MPa

  • Z: __________: Pressure limited to ___ MPa

• Evaluation Method

  • T: _______________; representing a specific study of the pavement characteristics and application of pavement behavior technology.

  • U: ________________: representing a knowledge of the specific type and mass of aircraft satisfactorily being supported under regular use

• Empirical

• single wheels

• standard material

_______________________

• Layered Element Analysis

________________________

• alpha factors

• overconservative

___________________________

• Mechanistic-empirical

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACN-PCN AND ACR-PCR

ACN-PCN

• Based in CBR

• ______ Method

• Equivalencies to __________

• Equivalencies to a ____________

ACN-PCN Problems

• based on old calculation methods

• does not take into account complex wheel distributions

• does not take into account new materials

• not aligned with the new pavement design, LEA (____________)

ACR-PCR Advantages

• removes the need of equivalency or ________

• optimized usage of the pavements (not _________)

• consistent with modern pavement design methods

• Improved predictability of pavement life

• Unified soil characterization method for both rigid and flexible pavements

• Availability of generic PCR computation procedure

ACR-PCR

• Based on LEA

• ____________ method

• All Wheels

• Specific Materials

• apron

___________________

• average elevation

• 3 m (10 ft)

PRE-FLIGHT ALTIMETER CHECK LOCATION

• One or more pre flight altimeter check locations shall be established for an aerodrome

• A pre flight check location should be located on an ______

  • Locating a pre flight check location enables an altimeter check to be made prior to obtaining taxi clearance and eliminates the needs for stopping for that purpose after leaving the apron

  • Normally the entire location can serves as an satisfactory altimeter check location

• The elevation of a pre-flight altimeter check location shall be given as the ________, rounded to the nearest meter or foot, of the area on which it is located.

  • The elevation of any portion of a pre-flight altimeter check location shall be within ______ of the average elevation for that location.

• Take-off run available (TORA)

• Take-off distance available (TODA).

• Accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA)

• Landing distance available (LDA).

Declared distances.

a) ___________. The length of runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane taking off.

b)____________ The length of the take-off run available plus the length of the clearway, if provided.

c) ___________. The length of the take-off run available plus the length of the stopway, if provided.

d)_____________ The length of runway which is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing.

• Dry runway

• Wet runway.

• Slippery wet runway.

• Contaminated runway.

Runway Condition Code

• Note 1…..

• Note 2…..

Note 3.— Procedures on determining runway surface conditions are available in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981).

• a)_________. A runway is considered if its surface is free of visible moisture and not contaminated within the area intended to be used.

• b) _________ The runway surface is covered by any visible dampness or water up to and including 3 mm deep within the intended area of use.

• c)_________ A wet runway where the surface friction characteristics of a significant portion of the runway have been determined to be degraded.

• d) ___________A runway when a significant portion of the runway surface area (whether in isolated areas or not) within the length and width being used is covered by one or more of the substances listed in the runway surface condition descriptors.

Note.— Procedures on determination of contaminant coverage on runway are available in the

PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981).

• Compacted snow.

• Dry snow.

• Frost.

• Ice.

• Slush.

• Standing water.

• Wet ice.

• Wet snow.

Runway surface condition descriptors. One of the following elements on the surface of the runway:

• __________ Snow that has been compacted into a solid mass such that aeroplane tires, at operating pressures and loadings, will run on the surface without significant further compaction or rutting of the surface.

• ____________ Snow from which a snowball cannot readily be made.

• ____________consists of ice crystals formed from airborne moisture on a surface whose temperature is below freezing. It differs from ice in that it grow independently and therefore have a more granular texture.

  • Note 1.— Below freezing refers to air temperature equal to or less than the freezing point of water (0 degree Celsius).

  • Note 2.— Under certain conditions frost can cause the surface to become very slippery and it is then reported appropriately as reduced braking action.

• _______Water that has frozen or compacted snow that has transitioned into ice, in cold and dry conditions.

• _____ Snow that is so water-saturated that water will drain from it when a handful is picked up or will splatter if stepped on forcefully.

• ________ Water of depth greater than 3 mm.

• __________ Ice with water on top of it or ice that is melting.

• ________Snow that contains enough water content to be able to make a well-compacted, solid snowball, but water will not squeeze out.