PHYSIO: Ch.14- Blood, Heart and Circulation I

Which gender has a higher HCT and why?

♂> ♀ because testosterone promotes RBC production

Describe the components and consistency of blood plasma. Be specific about the plasma proteins! (4)

• Water - 92%

• Ions - mostly Na+

• Nutrients, Wastes, Hormones, Enzymes

Plasma Proteins;

• Albumin: very large, maintains blood volume by causing osmotic pressure

• Alpha + Beta Globulins: transport lipids

• Gamma globulins: antibodies

• Fibrinogen: clotting

WBC/ Leukocytes

WBC: HAS nucleus + mitochondria and travels through the blood vessels to get to the site (NLMEB)

Granular:

• Neutrophils: phagocytic and first line of defense

• Eosinophil: parasitic infection

• Basophils: inflammation (BOMBS.)

Agranular:

• Lymphocytes: Killer T + Helper B

• Monocytes: precursor to Macrophages

RBC/ Eukrocytes + What is hemoglobin? Describe its structure?  How many oxygen molecules can it carry?  Can it carry carbon dioxide?

Biconcave discs with NO nucleus and NO mitochondria to INCREASE surface a² + Hb

Hemoglobin:

• red pigment protein w/ 4 globin subunits; e/subunit has a heme with iron and can transport up to 4 O²

• it CAN’T carry CO2 as is, must first convert into HCO-³

Platelets/Thrombocytes

Cell fragments with no nucleus, abundant vesicles and travel through the blood vessels to get to the site.

Describe the process of hematopoiesis (blood cell formation). Include RBC, WBC, and Platelets. What hormones drive it?

Erythropoiesis(RBC)= occurs in red bone marrow

• EPO from kidney

Leukopoiesis(WBC): makes myeloblasts (granular), lymphoblasts and monoblasts

• Cytokines from immune cells

Thrombopoeisis (platelets): makes megakaryoblasts (really large and then pops to make them)

• thrombopoeietin from liver

How is blood typing accomplished? What antigens are present on the different types of blood?  What antibodies would the different blood types make?

Each RBC can have A,B,O or Rh (+). It produces antibodies for antigens it doesn’t have.

For example, AB+ would make no antibodies because it has the antigens for A, B and Rh. Therefore, any RBC can match with it since the AB+’s antibodies wouldn’t attack it. (universal acceptor)

O- has no antigens (O cells are naked) so it would produce all the antibodies. Therefore, any RBC would be attacked if it would enter the O- body. However, if it would enter another RBC’s body, it would go undetected and not aggulinate.

Aggulination

Anti-serum contains antibodies to see if the blood will react to certain antibodies to discover what typing it is. For example, if blood reacts with anti-A, it has at least A antigens.

Describe the process of clot formation.

Step 1: CF X activation (intrinsic or extrinsic) → Step 2: formation

1)

int b/c collagen: 12 →11 →9 →8

ext b/c thromboplastin: 7 → 10

2)

thrombin → fibrinogen → fibrin → clot

When the wrong blood type is given to a patient, the antibodies in the patient's blood react with the antigens on the surface of the transfused blood causing a reaction called __________.

 

neutralization

 

precipitation

 

agglutination

 

coagulation

agglutination (clumping together clogs up vessel = bad)

Transportation functions of the circulatory system include __________.

 

carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide

 

carrying metabolic waste

 

carrying leukocytes

 

carrying absorbed products of digestion

 

All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which blood type is the universal acceptor?

 

AB+

 

AB-

 

O+

 

O-

AB+ (makes no antibodies, so foreign blood wont be attacked)

Women's hematocrit is higher because they have less testosterone.

 

true

 

false

false

Which organ secretes erythropoietin?

 

Kidneys

 

Liver

 

Bone marrow

 

Lungs

Kidneys (EPO; Immune cells = Cytokines and Liver = Thrombopietin)

Formation of white blood cells is controlled by the hormone:

 

erythropoietin

 

interleukin

 

thrombopoietin

interleukin

Which blood type is the universal donor?

 

AB+

 

AB-

 

O+

 

O-

O- (has no antigens, so it can’t be detected by foreign cells)

Both the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways activate factors that __________.

 

convert prothrombin to thrombin

 

convert fibrinogen to fibrin

 

convert plasminogen to plasmin

 

None of the choices are correct.

convert prothrombin to thrombin

An elite marathon runner would likely benefit from increased oxygen carrying capacity in the blood from the use of ______, which would serve to __________.

 

hepcidin; increase leukopoiesis

 

erythropoietin; increase red blood cell formation

 

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; erythrocyte production

 

thrombopoietin; increase megakaryocyte production

erythropoietin; increase red blood cell formation

Vitamin K is needed for __________.

 

proper clotting factor function

 

directly activating fibrinogen

 

directly stabilizing the fibrin polymer

 

activating antithrombin III

proper clotting factor function

In blood clot formation, serotonin causes:

 

platelet release reaction

 

platelet plug formation

 

fibrin formation

 

vascular spasm

vascular spasm (vasoconstriction to retain blood)

The prostaglandin, thromboxane A₂, stimulates __________.

 

vasodilation

 

platelet aggregation

 

fibrin formation

 

vasoconstriction

platelet aggregation

What type of antigens are present in Type O blood?

 

A only

 

B only

 

Both A and B

 

Neither A nor B

Neither A nor B

What does it mean to be a universal recipient? A person with the blood type known as the universal recipient ________.

 

has type-O blood, which contains A and B antibodies

 

lacks the ability to produce antibodies for any donor blood type

 

has type-AB blood, which contains A and B agglutinins

 

expresses O agglutinogens along with A and B antibodies

lacks the ability to produce antibodies for any donor blood type (AB+)

Blood plasma is composed of all of the following EXCEPT:

 

thrombocytes

 

proteins

 

wastes

 

hormones

thrombocytes (platelets are separate)

Which of the following cells is responsible for fighting infection?

 

erythrocytes

 

leukocytes

 

thrombocytes

leukocytes

Blood plasma is composed of all of the following EXCEPT:

 

proteins

 

wastes

 

electrolytes

 

leukocytes

 

hormones

leukocytes (formed element)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of white blood cells?

 

Have nuclei and mitochondria

 

Have amoeboid movement

 

Can leave blood vessels

 

Make up the major formed element

Make up the major formed element (would be blood)

In the intrinsic pathway, CF X is activated by the presence of:

 

CF XII

 

calcium only

 

thromboplastin and calcium

 

prothrombinase

 

collagen fibers

collagen fibers (intrinsic, extrinsic activated by CF III or thromboplastin)

How much blood does the average-sized adult have?

 

2 liters

 

4 liters

 

5 liters

 

7 liters

5 liters

Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when __________.

 

the mother has blood type A and the fetus has blood type O

 

the mother has Rh⁺ blood and the fetus has Rh⁻ blood

 

the mother has Rh⁻ blood and the fetus has Rh⁺ blood

 

the mother has type AB blood and the fetus has type O blood

the mother has Rh⁻ blood and the fetus has Rh⁺ blood

The major plasma protein is __________.

 

alpha globulin

 

beta globulin

 

fibrinogen

 

albumin

Albumin (maintains blood volume)

Having no nucleus, a biconcave shape, and the function of gas transport would describe a __________.

 

red blood cell

 

platelet

 

white blood cell

 

albumin

red blood cell

Damage to tissues stimulates the activation of the __________ pathway.

 

complement

 

hemophilic

 

intrinsic

 

extrinsic

extrinsic

Fibrin clots are dissolved by the enzyme:

 

fibrinogen

 

plasmin

 

thrombin

 

thromboplastin

plasmin (thrombin and fibrin are used to form it)

Which of the following cells is responsible for blood clotting?

 

erythrocytes

 

leukocytes

 

thrombocytes

thrombocytes

In the common pathway, fibrin is formed by the enzyme:

 

fibrinogen

 

thrombin

 

thromboplastin

 

plasmin

thrombin (activates fibrinogen to turn fibrin into a clot)

The pulmonary veins return oxygen depleted blood to the right atrium.

 

True

 

False

False (should be oxygen rich)