Anatomy Chapter 14 Quiz 2

Ileocecal valve

muscular sphincter situated at the junction of the small intestine and large intestine

Pancreatic ducts

empty into the SI, main tube-like conduit running through pancreas that carries digestive enzymes from acinar cells to small intestine

Bile duct

release bile into SI; formed by the liver

Microvilli

tiny projections of the plasma memb of the mucosa cells; give cell a surface that looks fuzzy

Brush border

dense, brush-like array of thousands of microscopic, actin-supported membrane protrusions called microvilli, located on the apical Surface of intestinal epithelial cells

Villi

tiny, finger-like projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety appearance and feel; within each is a rich capillary and lacteal

Lacteal

special lymphatic capillaries of the small intestine that take up lipids

Plicae circularis

circular folds, deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa layers; increase the surface area

Peyer’s patches

collections of lymphatic tissue; increase in number towards end of the SI

Cecum

saclike, the blind-end pouch at the beginning of the large intestine

Appendix

a wormlike extension of the large intestine (vermiform=wormlike)

Large intestine

larger in diameter but shorter in length than SI, extended from ileocecal valve to the rectum/anus, dry out the indigestible food by absorbing water; eliminate rest as waste

Colon

(large intestine) Is the final ~5 foot (150cm) section of the digestive tract, extending from the cecum to the rectum; absorb nutrients from indigestible food matter

Rectum

final 12-15 cm (4.7-6 inches) segment of the large intestine located in the posterior pelvic cavity, connecting the sigmoid colon to the anal canal

Appendicitis

acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix; occurs when appendix lumen is obstructed

Ascending colon

travels up the right side of the ab cavity and makes a turn: right colic (hepatic) flexure

Transverse colon

across cavity

Descending colon

from left splenic flexure and travels down the left side

Sigmoid colon

S shaped; rectum and anal canal all lie in the pelvis

Internal anal sphinctor

internal/involuntary sphincter; formed by smooth muscles

External anal sphinctor

external/voluntary sphincter; composed of skeletal muscle

Haustra

small, segmented, pouch-like sacculations along the surface of the large intestine (colon) that give it a sacculated or scalloped appearance

Salivary glands

parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands that produce saliva

Parotid glands

lie anterior to the ears

Mumps

inflammation of the parotid glands

Submandibular glands

larger, under the jawline, empty secretions into the floor of the mouth

Sublingual glands

smaller, empty secretions into the floor of the mouth

Saliva

mixture of mucus and serous fluids; creates bolus

Bolus

a rounded mass of food prepared by the mouth for swallowing

Salivary amylase

enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth; also has lysozyme and antibodies that inhibit bacteria

Pancreas

soft, pink, triangular gland; extends across the abdomen from the spleen to the duodenum; produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions

Liver falciform ligament

a sickle-shaped, double-layered fold of parietal peritoneum that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

Bile

yellow to green water solution that emulsify fats; physically break down fat globules into smaller ones

Common hepatic duct

3-4 cm long segment; bile leaves liver through this duct

Gall bladder

small, thin-walled green sac; stores bile

Cystic duct

2-4 cm long muscular tube connecting the gallbladder neck to the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct; allows storage in gallbladder and release during digestion

Gallstones

particles of hardened cholesterol or calcium salts that are occasionally formed in gallbladder and bile ducts

Jaundice

an accumulation of bile pigments in the blood producing a yellow color of skin

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

Cirrhosis

a chronic disease of the liver, characterized by an overgrowth of connective tissue or fibrosis