AP bio unit 7

what does fitness mean?

ability to survive and reproduce

what is artifical selection?

the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurence of desireable traits

what is a population genetic makeup?

Gene pool

what can genetic variation be caused by?

mutations

when are mutations rate slow?

plants and animals

what is genetic drift?

chance events that cause a change in allele frequency from one generation to the next

when is genetic drift significant

small populations

what can genetic drift lead to

loss in genetic variation

what does fixed alleles cause

less genetic diversity

what is bottle neck effect

large population is drastically reduced by a nonselective disaster (flooding, hunting, famine)

what is founder effect?

when a few individuals become isolated from a large population and establish a new small population with a gene pool that differs from large population

what is gene flow

transfer of alleles in or out of a population due to fertile individuals or gametes

how can fossils be dated

the rate of carbon 14 and the age of rocks where the fossil were founded

what is comparative morphology?

analysis of structures of living and extinct organisms

what is vestigal structures

structures that are conserved even though they no longer have use (tailbone and appendix)

homologous structure

similar in two species because they have common ancestors(arm bones in many species)

convergent evolution

similar adaptations that have evolved in distantly related organisms due to similar environment

analgous structures

structures that are similar but have separate evolutionary origins (wings in birds)

temporal isolation

species breed at different times of the day year or season

habitat isolation

species live in different areas or they occupy different habitats within the same area

behavioral isolation

unique behavioral patterns and rituals separate species

mechanical isolation

the reproductive anatomy of one species does not fit with the anatomy of another species

gametic isolation

proteins on the surface of gametes do not allow for the egg and sperm to fuse