Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University English Prep Vocabulary & Grammar Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering environmental science, urban development, psychology, and legal history concepts from the Units 1-4 Supplementary Revision Material.

Biodiversity

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat, the rapid loss of which in forests is a major concern for environmentalists.

Degradation

The process of natural habitats and ecosystems breaking down or being destroyed, often due to industrial activities.

Irreparable

Consequences that are impossible to rectify or repair, such as the damage caused to marine life by the destruction of coral reefs.

Yields

The amount of agricultural product, such as crops, produced through specific farming practices.

Undue

Pressure that is excessive or unwarranted, especially when exerted on finite natural resources.

Unjust

An unfair distribution of impacts, particularly regarding environmental consequences.

Abrupt

A sudden or unexpected reaction, such as a public outcry following a government decision.

Extravagant

The excessive or wasteful use of resources, like water, which contributes to regional scarcity.

Fundamental

Basic and essential changes required to address issues like climate change and energy consumption.

Hazardous

Dangerous or risky to health, specifically referring to exposure to certain chemicals in the workplace.

Insistent

Remaining firm or demanding in a course of action despite facing opposition.

Prime

The most fertile land for agriculture, often located near a river.

Sustain

To maintain or support economic growth while considering environmental impacts.

Irrigate

The act of supplying water to crops efficiently using specific systems, particularly during dry seasons.

Migrate

The movement of certain species to different climates during specific months, such as birds moving to warmer areas in winter.

Conceive

To form or devise a plan or idea, such as sustainable solutions for urban development.

Innovate

To introduce new methods, ideas, or products, often giving companies a competitive edge.

Execute

To carry out or put into effect a plan, such as a new initiative to promote renewable energy.

Exemplify

To be a typical example of something, showing the potential for a greener future.

Incentivize

To provide a reason or motivation, such as tax incentives, for businesses to invest in specific practices.

Basic amenities

Essential services such as clean water and sanitation that residents in urban areas may struggle to access.

Housing shortages

A condition where there is not enough affordable housing for the population due to rapid urbanization.

Technological innovation

Developments in technology that play a role in addressing urban problems like waste management.

Traffic congestion

A common urban problem leading to wasted time and increased air pollution.

Neglected areas

Neighborhoods that have been ignored by policymakers, resulting in inadequate infrastructure.

Productivity growth

The increase in efficiency essential for enhancing economic opportunities and quality of life in cities.

High density

Referring to populations centered in a small area, which can make it difficult to provide sufficient services.

Carbon emissions

The release of carbon, the reduction of which is necessary to combat climate change.

Across the board

A phrasal verb meaning affecting all parts or departments of an organization or group.

Teamed up with

To collaborate or work together with another person or entity to create solutions.

Come to prominence

The process of becoming famous, important, or noticeable.

Course of action

The most suitable steps or plan chosen to deal with a specific dilemma.

Give rise to

To result in or create something, such as new opportunities caused by technological advancements.

Follow suit

To adopt a similar approach or strategy as a competitor or peer.

Hostility

Unfriendly or oppositional behavior from competitors.

Common amenities

Facilities such as clean water and sanitation.

Insolvent

A legal state of being unable to pay debts, often leading to a court declaration of bankruptcy.

Core

The central or most important part of an issue, such as the heart of a communication problem.

Tech-savvy

Possessing a high level of knowledge and skill regarding modern technology.

Lawsuit

A legal action or claim filed against a person or entity, such as for a breach of contract.

Inflexibility

Stubbornness or a refusal to change, which can lead to conflicts in work schedules.

Skeptical

Having doubts or reservations about the effectiveness and safety of a trend.

Validity

The quality of being logically or factually sound, particularly regarding research findings.

Nutritional

Relating to the intake of food and its impact on a healthy lifestyle.

Convict

To find a defendant guilty of a crime based on evidence presented in a court.

Rational

An approach to decision-making based on facts and logic.

Stimulus

Something that encourages or incites effort, such as rewards serving as motivation for employees.

Hazard

A potential danger or risk to public health.

Campaign

A planned set of activities, such as a national effort to raise awareness about climate change.

Feasible

Possible to do easily or conveniently within the constraints of resources and politics.

Rigid

Training methods or rules that are too strict and leave little room for creativity.

Insight

A deeper understanding of something, such as cultural values gained from living abroad.

Directive

A clear official instruction, such as a manager requiring employees to update certifications.

Exaggerate

To represent something as being greater or worse than it really is.

Revert to

To return to previous patterns of behavior after a period of improvement.

Vulnerable

Being susceptible to harm or instability, such as families facing financial shocks.

Discretion

The power or right to decide based on judgment, such as a teacher assessing performance.

Nominal Clause

A dependent clause that functions as a noun and can serve as the subject or object of a sentence.

Impersonal Passive

A grammatical structure used with reporting verbs (e.g., allege, believe) to report what an unspecified group thinks.

Past Modals

Modal verbs used with a past participle (modal + have + V3) to discuss past situations that cannot be changed.

Mixed Conditionals

Conditional sentences used to imagine a past change with a present result, or a present change with a past result.

Reinforcement

A term from B. F. Skinner's research meaning to change behavior by rewarding desired actions rather than punishing unwanted ones.

Attachment theory

A concept suggesting that early interactions with caregivers shape how individuals view themselves and others later in life.

Stereotype threat

A psychological phenomenon where awareness of negative stereotypes can negatively affect an individual's performance.

Implicit attitudes

Unconscious beliefs held by people that may differ from what they openly express.

Single tax

An economic theory supported by Henry George based on land ownership intended to reduce inequality.

Portrayal

A description or representation of something in a particular way.

Impartial

Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; acting fairly.

Royalties

A sum of money paid to an inventor for every product sold, which Lizzie Magie did not receive for her patent.

Flux

Continuous change or movement, as described by Dr. Burton in 'In Dubious Battle'.

Prophylaxis

Action taken to prevent disease, compared by Dr. Burton to revolution as a cure for social injustice.

Group-men

A term used by Doc Burton to describe individuals acting as a single organism within a mob or movement.