unit 3 aos1; imperial russia, 1905 revolution, repression and reform

percentage of peasants

82%

percentage of workers

4%

percentage of middle classes

1.5%

percentage of upper clas

12%

percentage of ruling class

0.5%

emancipation of the serfs

1861

how many hours workers worked per day on average

14-15 hours per day

percentage of expenditure used by russian army

45%

how many soliders in army

by 1850s over 900,000 regulars and 250,000 irregulars

russo-japanese war

8th february 1904 - september 1905

domestic impacts of russo-japanese war

• plehve assassinated

• liberals held a national zemstvo conference in nov. 1904

• 5000 telegrams urged for fundamental changes

• liberal intelligentsia began discussing reforms and extensions of civil rights

economic impacts of russo japanese war

• trade with east disrupted; trans-siberian railway used for military

• shortages of raw materials

• factories closed, especially in st petersburg

• food prices rose, unemployment increased

workers union established by georgy gapon

assembly of russian factory and plant workers (1904)

number of members of the assembly of russian factory and plant workers by the end of 1904

11,000 members, 8000 associates

4 members of assembly fired from their factory

fired from putilov factory on the 20th of december 1904

number of people on strike following putilov firing

120,000 people on strike by 8th jan 1905

bloody sunday

9th january 1905

how many dead at narva triumphal arch

40 dead

gapon quote following bloody sunday

“there is no God anymore, there is no Tsar” - gapon

estimated casualties from bloody sunday

official: 130 dead, 299 injured

modern estimates: up to 200 killed and 800 injured

quote by gorky about bloody sunday

“And so, my friend, the Russian Revolution has begun: … People have died - but don’t let that trouble you - only blood can change the colour of history.”

quote by pipes about tsar post bloody sunday

“The popular myth of a Good Tsar which had sustained the regime through the centuries it was suddenly destroyed” - pipes

immediate effect of bloody sunday

• uprisings in other parts of the empire (e.g poland, finland wanting independence); 400,000 on strike in poland in january

• university strikes; 3000 students rallied in moscow

• culture smashing; 1904-5 approx. 3000 manors destroyed

amount of times army used to shut down peasant uprisings

jan to oct 1905 army used approx. 2700 times

signing of 3 documents

18th february 1905; nicholas signed manifesto urging people to helpr estore order

• Invitation for his subjects to submit “suggestions” to help improve the state of the nation

• Receipt informing minister of interior (bulygin) that a consultative state duma (parliament)

battle of tsushima

14th may 1905

treaty of portsmouth signed

5th september 1905

potemkin mutiny

14th june 1905

casualties following potemkin in odessa

2000 dead, 3000 wounded (figes)

general strikes

21-25 june 1905; around 21 june workers began building barricades and assaulting police

general strike (moscow printers)

20th september 1905

first soviet meeting

13th october 1905 in st petersburg

october manifesto

• 17th october; manifesto signed

• 18th october; manifesto read out in churches and public places

liberals split

• Octobrists: group of moderates and conservatives, pleased with changes

• Kadets: divided opinion, pursued further reform

lasting impact of 1905

Liberal reformers were now organised enough; unlikely to cooperate with the tsar and would push for further reforms

fundamental laws

23rd april 1906

october manifesto main 3 points

• civil rights granted

• duma established

• laws cannot be passed without duma approval

fundamental laws: article 4

"supreme autocratic power” belongs to the tsar

fundamental laws: article 9

no law can come in to force without the duma’s consent

fundamental laws: article 87

tsar could rule while duma not in session

fundamental laws: article 105

tsar may dissolve duma as he wishes

fundamental laws articles to remember

article 4, 9, 87, 105

negative reaction to dumas by trotsky

“All is given and nothing is given… A constitution is given but autocracy remains” - Leon Trotsky

pyotr stolypin

chief minister of the dumas 1905-1911

pyotr stolypin assassination

18th september 1911

stolypin’s perspective

“Suppression first, and then and only then, reform” - Stolypin

first duma

april - june 1906

kadets in the duma

37% of the duma; called for radical change and land reform

second duma

february - june 1907

stolypin’s land reform (broad)

• Allowed 2 million families to buy land

• Replaced the village’s communal land ownership with private land ownership

stolypin’s land reform statistics

• introduced on 22nd november 1906 (duma not in session)

• Between 1906 and 1907, 15% of the peasantry took up the opportunity

• By 1914 25% had left communes and 10% had consolidated their holdings

impacts of stoylpin’s land reform

• Between 1905 and 1913, agricultural production rose from around 50 to 90 million tonnes of grain

• Coal production rose from 10 million to 30 million

stolypin’s coup

3rd june 1907

To elect 1 deputy to the Duma, the deputy needed the vote of:

230 landowners, 1000 wealthy businessmen or 15,000 lower middle class electors, or 60,000 peasants or 125,000 urban workers

percentage of populated that elected the duma

1% of population elected 60% of the duma